Language Culture andSociety英语学习外语学习教育专区要点

ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety21.LanguageandCulture3Whatisculture?Broadlyspeaking,itmeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguage.Inanarrowsense,itreferstolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms.41.1TherelationshipbetweenL&CGenerally,therelationofLtoCisthatofparttowhole,forLispartofC.Theknowledgeandbeliefsthatconstituteapeople’sculturearehabituallyencodedandtransmittedinL.5Anthropologicalstudyoflinguistics:studyoflanguageinasocioculturalcontext.BronislawMalinowski(1884-1942):1.Themeaningofawordgreatlydependsuponitsoccurrenceinagivencontext.2.Languagefunctionsasalinkinhumanactivity,amodeofaction.6J.R.Firth(1890-1960):theoryofthecontextofsituation1.Therelevantfeaturesoftheparticipants,persons,personalities.2.Therelevantobjects.3.Theeffectsoftheverbalaction.“whospeakswhattowhomandwhenandtowhatend”7DellHymes(1927-):Ethnographyofcommunication1.Speechsituation.2.Situation,event,andact.3.SPEAKING:situation,participants,ends,actsequence,key语气,instrumentalities语式,norms,andgenres8Sapir-WhorfHypothesisEdwardSapir(1884-1939)andBenjaminLeeWhorf(1897-1941)Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakers’uniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.Linguisticdeterminism:Lmaydetermineourthinkingpatterns.Linguisticrelativity:differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround.9English:horseshoeFrench:feracheval——ironforhorseGerman:hufeisen——hoofironTheEskimoshavecountlesswordsforsnow.TheArabs,forcamels.10LinguisticevidenceofculturaldifferencesTermsofaddressGreetingsThanksandcomplimentsPrivacyandtaboosColorwords111.2Culture-loadedwords烫手的山芋vs.hotpotato雨后春笋vs.springlikemushroom大鱼大肉、鱼肉百姓、酒肉朋友meatandpotatoes,meatanddrinktosomeone12killthegoosethatlaysthegoldeneggs”vs.“杀鸡取卵”Coldwordsvs.冷言冷语Constantdroppingwearsthestone.滴水穿石Diamondcutdiamond.棋逢对手Killamanwhenheisdown.落井下石131.3CulturaloverlapanddiffusionThroughcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomespartofcultureB.LoanwordsinChineseandEnglish.肥皂剧、卡通、布丁、苹果派、雀巢、巴士、排挡、耐克、因特网、KTV、EMAILTyphoon,gongfu,etc.14Netspeak网络语言顶(支持)555(呜呜呜)ding(顶)mm/MM(妹妹)LZ(楼主)DD/dd(弟弟)88(拜拜)偶(我)马甲(ID)ID斑竹(版主)恩(嗯)汗或寒(敬畏)晕(非常惊异)ps/PS(photoshop的简称)灌水(发帖子)ddd(顶顶顶)bs/BS(鄙视)楼猪(楼主)滴(的、地)152007年中国主流报纸十大流行语综合类：十七大、嫦娥一号、民生、香港回归十周年、CPI（居民消费价格指数）上涨、廉租房、奥运火炬手、基民、中日关系、全球气候变化国际时政类：韩国人质、库尔德工人党武装、红色清真寺、和平使命、萨科齐、核设施去功能化、贝·布托、慰安妇问题、反导、达尔富尔16国内时政类：物权法、又好又快发展、中央宣讲团、入联公投、“和谐号”、国家大剧院、郑筱萸、黑砖窑、道德模范、铁路第六次大提速社会生活类：华南虎、熊猫烧香、食品安全专项整治、群租、东方田鼠、小产权房、零就业家庭、独居老人、金猪、关停小火电经济类：企业所得税法、节能减排、土地增值税、人民币升值、燃油附加费、财产性收入、第二套房贷、从紧货币政策、成品油价格调整、贷款基准利率17教育类：师范生免费教育、方永刚、农村义务教育、助学贷款、绿色通道、孔子学院、校园集体舞、创业教育、港校、网游防沉迷系统文化娱乐类：《变形金刚》、《集结号》、80后、帕瓦罗蒂、藏友、新七大奇迹、《士兵突击》、社区文化、孙道临、好男儿科技类：南海I号、动车组、绕月探测工程、Vista、阿特兰蒂斯、中华鲟、干细胞、支线飞机、京沪空中快线、海上丝绸之路博物馆18构建和谐社会专题：社区卫生服务、预防腐败局、生态文明、轨道交通、和谐文化建设、最低生活保障制度、服务型政府、劳动合同法、农民专业合作社、带薪休假民生专题：经济适用房、法定节假日调整、手机单向收费、农民低保、民生净福利指标、惠农政策、居民基本医疗保险、个税起征点、交强险费率浮动、农民合作医疗金融专题：加息、QDII基金、股指期货、认沽权证、理财产品、跨行通存通兑、新股民、港股直通车、第三方存管、次级抵押贷款19奥运专题：上海特奥会、好运北京、倒计时一周年、无车日、奥运门票、祥云、奥运测试赛、奥运火炬、微笑圈、金镶玉202006年中国主流报纸十大流行语综合类：和谐社会、社会主义新农村、青藏铁路、自主创新、社会主义荣辱观（八荣八耻）、中非合作论坛、长征精神、消费税、非物质文化遗产、倒扁文化类：文博会、文化创意产业、孔子、原生态、百家讲坛、于丹、潜规则、易中天、草根文化、恶搞212005年中国主流报纸十大流行语综合类：保持共产党员先进性教育、“十一五”规划、神舟六号(神六)、节约型社会、和平发展、一篮子货币、油价上涨、同一个世界同一个梦想、连宋大陆行、取消农业税。222004年中国主流报纸十大流行语综合类：执政能力、雅典奥运、刘翔、审计风暴、零关税、科学发展观、失地农民补助、反分裂国家法、中法文化年、海啸。232.LanguageandSocietyLanguageisnotalwaysusedtoexchangeinformationasisgenerallyassumed,butratheritissometimesusedtofulfillanimportantsocialfunction–tomaintainsocialrelationshipbetweenpeople.24Usersofthesamelanguageinasenseallspeakdifferently.Whateachofthemchoosestouseisinpartdeterminedbyone’ssocialbackground.Whenwespeakwecannotavoidgivingourlistenerscluesaboutouroriginandourbackground.Thesocialenvironmentcanalsobereflectedinlanguage,andcanoftenhaveaneffectonthestructureandthevocabulary.Forexample,asociety'skinshipsystemisgenerallyreflectedinitskinshipvocabulary.25Thesocialenvironmentcanalsobereflectedinlanguage,andcanoftenhaveaneffectonthestructureandthevocabulary.Forexample,asociety'skinshipsystemisgenerallyreflectedinitskinshipvocabulary.2627282.1SociolinguisticsThesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenLandsociety,betweentheusesofLandthethesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersofLlive.Micro-studiesMacro-studies29Micro-studies:Tolookatsocietyfromthepointofviewofanindividualmemberwithinit,oraworm’s-eyeview从下向上看的景象，下层的看法ofLinuse.Macro-studies:TolookatsocietyasawholeandconsiderhowLfunctionsinitandhowitreflectsthesocialdifferentiations,abird’seyeviewofthelanguageusedinsociety.30Variationistperspective:Peoplewhoclaimtobeusersofthesamelanguagedonotspeakthelanguageinthesamemanner.Varietiesrelatedtotheuserarenormallyknownasdialectsandvarietiesrelatedtouseasregisters.31Regionaldialectsarelinguisticvarietiesusedbypeoplelivingindifferentregions.Regionaldialectboundariesoftencoincidewithgeographicalbarrierssuchasmountains,rivers,orswamps.EnglishScottishItn