西方语言学流派

SchoolsofLinguistics:Introduction1.DistinctionbetweenSchoolsandBranches1.1Schoolsrefertotrendsofthought,withtheirrepresentativefigures,works,uniqueideas,methodsandinfluenceonlaterdevelopment;adiachronicperspective.1.1流派多指思潮,有代表人物,代表著作,主要观点,研究方法,盛行时代,有其影响,往往有历史视角.1.DistinctionbetweenSchoolsandBranches1.2Branchesrefertoareasofstudy,withtheirclassics,andinfluentialfigures;oftenasynchronicperspective.1.2分支多指领域,研究范围,也有经典著作,有影响的人物,多用共时观点.1.DistinctionbetweenSchoolsandBranches1.3Thediachronicandsynchronicperspectiveswillformacross,whichlikeacoordinate.1.3历史视角和共时视角一起可以画出一个十字,像一个坐标.DistinctionbetweenSchoolsandBranches1.2Distinctionfromwithin:phonetics,phonology,lexicology,morphology,syntax,semantic,pragmatics(?)语言学的分支:Branches:1.2从内部分:语音学,音系(位)学,词汇学,形态学,句法学,语义学,语用学(?)DifferencebetweenPhoneticsandPhonologyPhoneticsandphonologyarethetwofieldsdedicatedtothestudyofhumanspeechsoundsandsoundstructures.Thedifferencebetweenphoneticsandphonologyisthatphoneticsdealswiththephysicalproductionofthesesoundswhilephonologyisthestudyofsoundpatternsandtheirmeaningsbothwithinandacrosslanguages.1.3Distinctionfromwithout:psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,computationlinguistics,neurolinguistics,anthropologicallinguistics,culturallinguistics,etc.1.3从外部分:心理语言学,社会语言学,计算语言学,神经语言学,文化语言学,人类语言学等.Theoreticallinguisticsandappliedlinguistics.大分类:理论语言学,应用语言学1.3traditionalgrammar;传统语法(600BC—18世纪)historicallinguistics;历史语言学(19世纪100年)thebeginningofmodernlinguistics;现代语言学开端(索绪尔,20世纪初)语言学流派Europeanfunctionalism欧洲功能主义(20世纪20-50)TheLondonSchool;伦敦学派(1940—50)Halliday’sSystemic-functionalgrammar系统功能语法(1960—现在)Americanstructuralism美国结构主义语言学(1930—50)Chomsky’sGenerativeGrammar美国转换生成语法(1957—现)Cognitivelinguistics认知语言学（today）2.AMoreMacroDistinction2.1Theformalschool:emphasizetheformal,structuralaspectsofL,anddistributionofelements;formalizethedescriptionofL;apsychologicalperspective.2.1形式派:注重分析语言的形式,结构,成分和成分的分布,对语言进行形式描写和描写的形式化,考虑语言的心理性.2.AMoreMacroDistinction2.2Thefunctionalschool:emphasizethefunctionalnatureofL;analyzethesemanticfunctionofelementsonalllevels;functiondeterminesform;asociolinguisticperspective.2.2功能派:注重分析语言的功能,分析不同层次上的成分的语义功能,认为功能决定形式,考虑语言的社会性.2.AMoreMacroDistinction2.3Theformalcamp：languageisapsychologicalfact;thefunctionalcamp：languageisasocialfact.2.3两派的区别:形式主义者认为语言是心理现象;功能主义者说语言是社会现象.2.AMoreMacroDistinction2.Theformalcampsaylinguisticuniversalsaremen’sbiologicalinheritance;thefunctionalcampsaylanguagesimilaritiescomefromthecommonuseoflanguage.2.形式主义者说语言普遍现象是人类生理遗传;功能主义者说是来自社会对语言的普遍运用.2.AMoreMacroDistinction3.Theformalcamp：childrenarebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage;thefunctionalcamp：languagelearningcomesfromchildren’sneedsanddevelopment.3.形式主义者:儿童习得语言是人类的内在能力;功能主义者说这是儿童交际的需要和能力的发展.2.AMoreMacroDistinction4.Theformalistsregardlanguageasanindependentsystem;theformalistsstudylanguageinthesocialcontextbyreferringtoitssocialfunction.4.形式主义者把语言当成独立系统研究；功能主义者把语言放在社会功能中研究。2.4Halliday:Thebasicoppositionisnotthatbetween‘structural’and‘generative’grammars.Themorefundamentaloppositionisbetweenthosethatareprimarilysymtagmaticinorientation(byandlargetheformalgrammars,withtheirrootsinlogicandphilosophy)andthosethatareprimarilyparadigmatic(byandlargethefunctionalones,withtheirrootsinrhetoricandethnography).Theformerinterpretalanguagealistofstructures,amongwhich,regularrelationshipsmaybeestablished(hencetheintroductionoftransformation);theytendtoemphasizeuniversalfeaturesoflanguage,totakegrammar(whichtheycallsyntax)asthefoundationoflanguage(hencethegrammarisarbitrary),andsotobeorganizedaroundthesentence.2.4韩礼德:20世纪下半叶的基本对立阵营不是结构主义与生成语法。最根本的两大阵营是：以组合关系为取向的形式派（形式语法，源于逻辑和哲学），和以聚合关系为取向的功能派（功能语法，源于修辞和人种学）。形式派把语言看成一系列的结构，这些结构之间可以找出固定的关系（所以才有转换一说）；他们强调语言的普遍性，把语法（他们称之为句法）看成是语言的基础（所以语法是任意的），因此语法围绕着句子而展开。Thefunctionalistsinterpretlanguageasanetworkofrelations,withstructurescominginastherealizationoftheserelationships;theytendtoemphasizevariablesamonglanguages,totakesemanticsasthefoundation(hencethegrammarisnatural),andsotobeorganizedaroundthetext,ordiscourse.Therearemanycross-currents,withinsightsborrowedfromonetotheother;buttheyareideologicallyfairlydifficultanditisoftendifficultytomaintainadialogue.功能派把语言看成是一个关系网，其基本关系借助于结构加以实现；他们强调语言之间的不同点，把语义看做语言的基础（所以语法是自然的），因此语法是围绕着文本或语篇而展开的。两个阵营之间有许多交叉，也有互相借鉴，但从思潮上讲二者是很不同的，两大阵营开展对话也很困难。Halliday:Ingeneralthefunctionalapproachleanstowardstheappliedratherthanthepure,therhetoricalratherthanthelogical,theactualrathertheideal,thefunctionalratherthantheformal,thetextratherthanthesentence.韩礼德还说：功能语法属于应用研究，形式语法属于纯理论研究；功能语法更近于修辞，形式语法更近于逻辑；功能语法研究实际语言能力，形式语法研究理想的语言能力；功能语法研究文本/语篇，形式语法研究句子。它把文本分析看做行为方式，语言理论是成事之手段。Theemphasisisontextanalysisasamodeofaction,atheoryoflanguageasameansofgettingthingsdone.研究流派更具理论价值:从哲学上看,如何看待世界就如何看待语言;从心理学上看,“白板说”和“内容说”也区分两派;从方法论上看,归纳法,演绎法,二者结合等,也有不同.3.SignificanceoftheTwoIt’smoretheoreticallysignificanttostudyschools;theyinvolvephilosophy,psychology(blankslate/content),andmethodology(induction，deduction，verification,falsification,abduction).3.SignificanceoftheTwoIt’smoresignificantinpracticetos