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SelectedReadingsforaShortHistoryofWesternLinguisticsTeachingcontents(教学内容）1.JohnLyons.Linguistics:theScientificStudyofLanguage.选自《理论语言学导论》.2.OswaldandTzvetan.Shools.选自《语言科学百科词典》.3.RichardHudson.SomeRecentTrendsinLinguistics.选自《英语词语法》Otherworks:1.LanguageandLinguistics2.Semantics3.Linguisticsemantics:anIntroductionAbookreviewI'vereadlotsofbothappliedandtheoreticallinguisticsbooksandthisoneisbyfarthebestintrotothetheoreticalareas.Verywellwrittenandunderstandabledespitethequiterespectableleveloftechnicaldiscussionandscholarship.Afterreadingthisbookyouwillbeinexcellentshapetotacklemoreadvancedtopicsandbooks.Lyonscoversallthemajorareas,fromphoneticstostructurallinguisticsandtransformationalgrammar.Altogetherasuperbintroductionandalthoughnowatrueclassic(havingbeenpublishedin1968),onewhichI'veneverseensurpassed.•Asummaryofwesternlinguistichistory希腊本质/约定类比/不规则柏拉图亚里斯多德斯多葛学派亚历山大里亚学派罗马瓦罗多纳图斯和普里斯基安词类拉丁语法的建立中世纪黑暗时期经院哲学教学语法思辨语法文艺复兴民族语言研究普遍唯理语法历史比较语言学拉斯克、格里木、葆朴施莱歇尔青年语法学派语言的亲属关系结构主义语符派分布派功能派转换生成语法法国结构主义伦敦学派系统功能语法认知语言学Teachinggoalofthiscourse1.Uderstandingthehistoricaldevelopmentofwesternlinguistics.2.Equipyouwiththenecessarylinguisticglossariesinpreparationforyourfuturestudy.3.AchieveyourEnglishproficiency.•Teachingmethods•1.Theoreticalexplanation•2.Addingnecessaryextendedmaterial•todeepentheunderstanding•3.YourunderstandinginyourownwordsRequirementsfromtheteacher1.Lessonpreparationbeforeclass2.Note-takinginclass3.Lesson-reviewingafterclass1.1IntroductorybyLyons.J.FromIntroductiontoTheoreticallinguistics1.1.1DefinitionoflinguisticsLinguistics:thescientificstudyoflanguage.aninvestigationbasedoncontrolledandempiricallyverifiableobservations,governedbysomegeneraltheoryoflanguage-structure.basedonscientifictestingorpracticalexperience,notonideasdeliberatelydoneinaparticularway,ormadetohaveparticularqualitiestobeabletodiscoverwhetherasomethingiscorrectortrueSowhat’sthecomprehensiveandexplanatorydefinitionof“linguistics”inChinese?语言学是在某一关于语言结构的理论指导下，对语言进行的（研究过程）可控的、实证性的调查研究，且（其研究结果）是可验证的。ExtendedexerciseDefinitionoflinguisticsIfwetakelinguisticstobethescientificstudyoflanguage,ournextquestionthencomes:whatisLanguage?Languageisthemostimportanttoolforhumancommunication.What’sthedeficiencyinthisdefinition?Farfromadefinition,thisonlytellsuswhatlanguagedoes,orwhatitisusedfor,i.e.itsfunction.Language:thesystemofhumancommunicationwhichconsistofthestructuredarrangementofsoundsintolargeunits,e.g.MORPHEMEs,WORDs,SENTENCEs,UTTERANCEs(LongmanDictionaryofLanguageTeachingandAppliedLinguistics)Comparedwiththefirstdefinition,what’sthedistinguishingcharacteristicsofthisone?asystem(thedefiningcharacteristic)forhumancommunication(itsfunction)structuredarrangement.(itsconfiguration)Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.---Sapir,1921.FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguageTobeaset(finiteorinfinite)ofsentences,EachfiniteinlengthandconstructedOutofafinitesetofelements.------Chomsky,1957Language,language,What’slanguage.Whoknows?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.1.Languageisasystem2.Languageisarbitrary3.Languageisvocal4.Languageishuman-specific语言是由任意性有声符号组成的人类交际系统。1.1.2LinguisticterminologyQ:Isthejargonofmodernlinguisticsunnecessarilycomplex?Ofcoursenot.Butwhy?(1)Everysciencehasitsowntechnicalvocabulary.Thetechnicaltermsusebylinguistsariseinthecourseoftheirwork.(2)Newtermsareneededbecausethenon-technicalemploymentofmanyofthetermshasrenderedtheminsufficientlypreciseforscientificpurposes.(3)Modernlinguisticshasincertainrespectsadvancedbeyondotherdisciplinesinitsattemptstoconstructageneraltheoryoflanguage-structure.Ifthetechnicalterminologyinlinguisticsisindispensable,whyistheresomuchcriticismthatmodernlinguisticsisunnecessarilycomplex?Tothelayman,whotakesontrusttheestablishedscience,esp.the“natural”sciences,anddoesn’tquestiontheirrighttofurnishthemselveswithspecialvocabularies,Linguistics,asabranchofsocialscience,seemtohavenourgetocreatesomanytechnicalterms.TheuseofaspecialvocabularyeliminateagooddealofambiguityandpossibleMisunderstandinginthediscussionofLanguage.Puzzlingterms:1.Traditionalgrammar:agrammarwhichisusuallybasedonearliergrammarsofLatinorGreekandappliedtosomeotherlanguage,ofteninappropriately.Thesesgrammarswereoftennotionalandprescriptive.2.traditional:a.在语言学中，该术语通常与“grammar”相关，通常带有贬义，指前语言学时代的一套程序和规定，特别指18和19世纪各欧洲学派的语法。这类语法的特点是：强调正确性和规定性，采用拉丁语的模型，注重书面语等。现代语言学注意的则是描写的精确性。b.traditional也用来指20世纪初北欧语法学家编写的一些描写性语法手册（比如奥托.叶斯帕森的《基于历史原则原则的现代英语语法》），有时还用来指早期的生成语法。ObjectiveapproachtolanguageQ:Whyisthechiefdifficultyfacingthepersonwhocomesnewtothestudyoflinguisticsisthatofbeingpreparedtolookatlanguageobjectively?1.Common-senseattitudewithlanguagebecauseofourpracticalfamiliaritywithlanguage2.Socialandnationalisticprejudiceassociatedwithlanguage3.Popularmisconceptionsoflanguagefosteredbythedistortedversionoftraditionalgrammar.Extendedquestion:What’sthebestwayouttoinvestigatelanguageobjectivelynow?1.1.4HistoryoflinguisticsWhyshouldwestudythehistoryoflingu