用合作原则和礼貌理论分析《理智与情感》中的会话含义

硕士学位论文答辩用合作原则和礼貌理论分析《理智与情感》中的会话含义ANANALYSISOFCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATUREINSENCEANDSENSIBILITYFROMTHEPERSPECTIVESOFTHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEANDTHEPOLITENESSTHEORIES学院：专业：答辩人：指导教师：AbstractInthisthesis,theauthorattemptstoanalyzeconversationalimplicatureinSenseandSensibilityfromtheperspectivesofCooperativePrincipleandthepolitenesstheory,thenachievessomesignificances.Firstly,theauthorsummarizessomecharacteristicsreflectedfromthedialoguesofcharacters,whichisbenefittoenhancepeople’sunderstandingofthisnovel.Moreover,theanalysisinthisthesisisusefulforpeopletomasterandapplythesetheories.Meanwhile,italsoprovesthevalidityofusingpragmatictheoriestostudytheimplicatureinliteraryworks.Lastbutnottheleast,theanalyzingofdialoguesinthenovelmayhelppeopleflexiblyandappropriatelyemploythepolitenessprinciplesorpolitenessstrategiestofacilitatethecommunicativeeffectsandmaintainthestableandharmoniousrelationshipinhumaninteraction.FrameworkAbstractIntroductionLiteratureReviewTheoreticalFrameworkConversationalImplicatureinSenseandSensibilityComclusion1IntroductionIntroductionBackgroundoftheStudyPurposeandSignificanceoftheStudyResearchMethodologyOrganizationoftheThesis2LiteratureReviewPreviousStudiesontheCooperativePrinciplethePolitenessTheoriesJaneAustenandherSenseandSensibilityAbroadandatHomeSummary3TheoreticalFrameworkTheoreticalFrameworkCooperativePrinciplePolitenessPrinciplePolitenessTheoryConversationalImplicatureDeductionMaxims/FloutasaRescuetoCP/MaximsFace/FTAs/Off-recordPolitenessMaimInfluencingFactorsRelationshipSummary3.1Grice’sCooperativePrinciple•TheCPisasetofassumedmaxims,whichshouldbefollowedbybothsideswhohopetounderstandtheotherbetterinconversation.•Itstates“Makeyourcontributionsuchasitisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.”3.1.1FourMaximsoftheCooperativePrinciple•TheCPcontainsfourrelatedmaxims:•I)QUANTITY:Trytomaketheinformationofyourcontributionbeappropriate•2)QUALITY:Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue.•3)RELATION:Berelevant.•4)MANNER:Beperspicuous.3.1.2FloutingtheMaxims•However,inactualhumaninteraction,notallthepeopleintheconversationobeytheserules.Theyevenviolatethemaximsdeliberately.•I)FloutingtheMaximofQuantityandgeneratingconversationalimplicature•2)FloutingtheMaximofQualityandgeneratingconversationalimplicature•3)FloutingtheMaximofRelevanceandgeneratingconversationalimplicature•4)FloutingtheMaximofMannerandgeneratingconversationalimplicature3.2Leech’sPolitenessPrinciple•3.2.1PPasaComplementtotheCP•DuetotheCPinitselfisnotsufficienttoexplain“①whypeopleareoftensoindirectinconveyingwhattheymean;and②whatistherelationshipbetweensenseandforcewhennon-declarativetypesofsentencesarebeingconsidered”.In1983,LeechproposedPolitenessPrinciple(abbrev.PP)soastorescuetheCP.3.2.2MaximsofthePP•1)TACTMAXIM(inimpositivesandcommissives)•2)GENERASITYMAXIM(inimpositivesandcommissives)•3)APPROBATIONMAXIM(inexpressivesandassertives)•4)MODESTYMAXIM(inexpressivesandassertives)•5)AGREEMENTMAXIM(inassertives)•6)SYMPATHYMAXIM(inassertives)3.3BrownandLevinson’sPolitenessTheory•In1978,BrownandLevinsonissuedapapernamed“UniversalsinLanguageUsage:PolitenessPhenomena”,whichfirstlygivesasystematicaldiscussionaboutpolitenessandface,andarousesgreatconcernsinthelinguisticcircle.•Thethreekeyconceptsinitare:face,facethreateningacts(abbrev.FTA)andpolitenessstrategy.3.3.1TheConceptofFace•TheconceptoffaceisthecoreofBrownandLevinson’sPolitenessTheory.Facecanbedefinedas“thepublicself-imageofapersonanditreferstothatemotionalandsocialsenseofselfthateveryonehasandexpectseveryoneelsetorecognize.”•Theybelievethatpeoplehavenegativefaceandpositiveface.•Negativefaceisthewantofevery“competentadultmember”thathisactionsbeunimpededbyothers.•Positivefaceisthewantofeverymemberthathiswantsbedesirabletoatleastsomeothers.3.3.2Face-threateningActs(FTAs)•BrownandLevinsonpointouttherearesomelanguagebehaviorsinessencegoagainstwiththefaceofcommunicators,whicharecalledFace-threateningActs(FTA).•Inordernottothreatenfaceorminimizethefacedamage,peopleusuallyemploycertainstrategies.3.3.3Off-recordPoliteness•BrownandLevinsonproposedfivekindsofredressivestrategies:(1)baldonrecordwithoutredressiveactions;(2)positivepoliteness;(3)negativepoliteness;(4)offrecordpoliteness;(5)Don’tdotheFTA.•Amongthesestrategies,offrecordpolitenessbelongstothemoststrengthstrategyofrecessivestrategies.3.3.3Off-recordPoliteness•BrownandLevinsonputforwardfifteenkindsofoffrecordstrategieslistedasfollows:•1)GivingHints2)GivingAssociationClues•3)Presupposing4)Understatement5)Overstatement•6)Usingtautologies7)Usecontradictions•8)BeingIronic9)UsingMetaphors•10)UsingRhetoricalQuestions11)BeingAmbiguous•12)BeingVague13)Over-generalization•14)DisplacingHearer15)BeingIncompleteandUsingEllipsis3.4ConversationalImplicatureDeduction•Conversationalimplicatureistheword’sextrameaninggivenbythespeakerincertainoccasionorcontext,whichisexpectedtobeinterpretedcorrectlybythehearer.•Inordertoavoidmisunderstandingtheappropriateconversationalimplicatureinthetalkexch