胡壮麟语言学第四版第1章

InvitationstoLinguistics1.1WhyStudyLanguage?1.2WhatIsLanguage?1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguage1.4OriginofLanguage1.5FunctionsofLanguage1.6WhatIsLinguistics?1.7MainBranchesofLinguistics1.8Macrolinguistics1.9ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics1.1WhyStudyLanguage?1.Childrenlearntheirnativelanguageswiftly,efficientlyandwithoutinstruction.2.Languageoperatesbyrules.3.Alllanguageshavethreemajorcomponents:asoundsystem,asystemoflexicogrammarandasystemofsemantics.4.Everyonespeaksadialect.5.Languageslowlychanges.6.Speakersofalllanguagesemployarangeofstylesandasetofjargons.7.Languagesareintimatelyrelatedtothesocietiesandindividualswhousethem.8.Writingisderivativeofspeech.1.2WhatIsLanguage?Language:isasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.1.3DesignFeaturesofLanguageArbitrarinessDualityCreativityDisplacement1.Arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning2.Arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel3.Arbitrarinessandconvention1.3.1Arbitrariness1.3.2DualityDuality(doublearticulation)Lowerlevel----sounds(meaningless)Higherlevel----meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)1.3.3CreativityPeculiartohumanlanguages，usersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelike“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthehotelbed”,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeningintheworld.Agibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheircallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.Thebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtocommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.Butfoodsourcesaretheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeedance;beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesires1.3.4Displacement----Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent:realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.1.4.Originoflanguage•语言的起源是语言学的基本理论问题之一。对于语言的起源问题。有摹声说bow-wow、劳动号子yo-he-ho说、“社会契约”论和“手势语言”论。•语言的发展必然包含两个方面：语言交际功能的发展和语言结构系统的发展。•消亡的词汇不少，但是新产生的更多。词汇变化的另一形式表现为词意的改变。词汇在不同的历史时期可以具有不同的词义，•语音的变化虽然不如词汇明显，但是它也是随着时间的推移在发展的。英语历史上就出现了“元音大变迁”。•语法也同样在发生变化。1.4.1The“bow-wow”theory1.4.2The“pooh-pooh”theory1.4.3The“yo-he-ho”theory1.4.1The“bow-wow”theoryInprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat.Onomatopoeicwordsseemtobeaconvenientevidenceforthistheory.Buttheyareverydifferentinthedegreeofresemblancetheyexpresswiththenaturalsounds.Thistheorylackssupportiveevidence.1.4.2The“pooh-pooh”theoryInthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpain,angerandjoy.Asforevidence,wecanonlycitetheuniversaluseofsoundsasinterjections.Twoproblems:Thereisonlyalimitednumberofinterjectionsinalmostalllanguages.Besides,interjectionssuchasOh,Ah,Oopsbearlittlerelationshipwiththesoundsystemofalanguageandthereforearenotgoodevidence.1.4.3The“yo-he-ho”theoryAsprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.Wedohaveprosodicuseofrhythmsinlanguages,butrhythmicgruntsarefardifferentfromlanguageinitspresentsense.Thetheoryisagainatmostaspeculation.1.5FunctionsoflanguageInformativeInterpersonalFunctionPerformativeEmotiveFunctionPhaticcommunionRecreationalFunctionMetalingualFunction1.6Whatislinguistics?Linguistics:isthescientificstudyoflanguageorthescienceoflanguage.Processoflinguisticstudy:①Certainlinguisticfactsareobserved,generalizationareformed;②Hypothesesareformulated;③Hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations;④Alinguistictheoryisconstructed.1.7MainbranchesoflinguisticsPhoneticsPhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemanticsPragmatics•Phonetics----speechsound(description,classification,transcription):articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,auditoryphonetics.•Phonology----soundpatternsoflanguages•Morphology----theformofwords•Syntax----therulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentence.•Semantics----themeaningoflanguage(whenthemeaningoflanguageisconductedinthecontextoflanguageuse----Pragmatics)•Pragmatics---isthestudyofmeaningincontext.1.9Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics1.9.1Descriptivevs.Prescriptive•Descriptive----describe/analyzelinguisticfactsobservedorlanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlinguistic)•Prescriptive----laydownrulesfor“correct”linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage(traditionalgrammar)1.9.2Synchronicvs.Diachronic•Synchronicstudy----descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime(modernlinguistics)•Diachronicstudy----descriptionofalanguagethroughtime(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime1.9.3Langue＆Parole1.Langue----theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofthespeechcommunity.2.Parole----therealizationoflangueinactualuse.1.9.4CompetenceandPerformance•Competence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage•Performance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication