就要毕业的学生们仍在教室里学习

Lesson4Activity1RevisionActivity2Nida’stheoryoftranslation----NewAttitudeswithRespecttotheReceptorLanguagePassage1Firstofall,itisessentialtorecognizethateachlanguagehasitsowngenius.Thatistosay,eachlanguagehascertaindistinctivecharacteristics,e.g.,word-buildingcapacities,uniquepatternsofphraseorder,techniquesforlinkingclausesintosentences,markersofdiscourse,andspecialdiscoursetypesofpoetry,proverbs,andsongs.Eachlanguageisalsorichinvocabularyfortheareasofculturalfocus,e.g.cattleinSudan,huntingandfishinginPeru,ortechnologyinthewesternworld.Passage1SummaryEachlanguagehasitsowngeniusPassage2Whentranslating,onemustrespectthefeaturesofthereceptorlanguageandexploititspotentialitiestothegreatestpossibleextent.Therearesomeunfortunatecaseswheretranslatorshaveactuallytriedto“remake”alanguage.Forexample,onemissionaryinLatinAmericainsistedonintroducingthepassivevoiceoftheverbintoalanguagewhichhadnosuchform.Notsurprisingly,hiseffortsturnedouttobefutile.Onemustsimplyacceptthefactthattherearemanylanguageswhichdonothaveapassivevoice.Theymerelychoosetoreportactionsonlyasactive.Passage2SummaryTocommunicateeffectivelyonemustrespectthegeniusofeachlanguage.Passage3Sometranslatorsdonotseehowpeoplewhohavenosnowcanunderstandapassagethatspeaksabout“whiteassnow”.Theanswertothisquestionisvaried.Firstly,manypeoplehaveawordforsnoweveniftheyhavenotthemselvesexperiencedit.Secondly,inotherinstances,peopledonotknowsnow,buttheydohave“frost”andtheyspeakaboutthetwowiththesameterm.Thirdly,manylanguageshaveotherequivalentidioms,e.g.,“whiteasegretfeathers”,or“whiteasfungus(ifthereisanespeciallywhiteformoffungus).Thepointisthatsnowasanobjectisnotcrucialtotheoriginalmessage.Ofcourseiftheforminwhichamessageisexpressedisanessentialelementofthemessageitself,thenthereisalimitationincommunicatingthemessagefromonelanguagetoanotherPassage3SummaryAnythingthatcanbesaidinonelanguagecanbesaidinanother,unlesstheformisanessentialelementofthemessage.Passage4Sincealllanguagesdifferinform,quitenaturallytheformsmustbechangedifoneistopreservethecontent.Theextenttowhichtheformsmustbechangedinordertopreservethemeaningdependsonthelinguisticandculturaldistancebetweenthesourceandreceptorlanguages.TheeasiesttransitionsoccurwhenonetranslatesfromalanguagesuchasEnglishintoGermanforthetwoarequitesimilartoeachotherbothlinguisticallyandculturally.Ontheotherhand,ifoneistranslatingfromEnglishintoHungarian,theformalshiftswillbegreater,forHungarianbelongstoadifferentlanguagefamilythanEnglish.However,HungarianisstillpartofthesameculturalsettingasEnglish.Hence,theshiftsarenotsoextreme.Ifhowever,onehastotranslatefromEnglishintoZulu,whichbelongstotheso-calledBantufamilyoflanguagesandrepresentsquiteadifferentculture,theformalmodificationsmustbemoreextreme.Passage4SummaryTopreservethecontentofthemessagetheformmustbechanged.Threeimplicationswithrespecttothesourcelanguage(1)Thesourcelanguageissubjecttothesamelimitationsasanyothernaturallanguage;(2)thewritersofthesourcelanguageexpecttobeunderstood;(3)thetranslatormustattempttoreproducethemeaningofapassageasunderstoodbythewriter.Activity3LanguagesDifferDifferencesinClauseOrder就要毕业的学生们仍在教室里学习Thosestudentswhoweretograduateverysoonwerestillstudyingintheclassroom.Task1WheretoPuttheAttributiveQuestions:InChinese,whereisanattributiveput?InEnglish,whereisanattributiveput?IsthereadifferencebetweenthewordattributiveandphraseattributiveconcerningtheirpositionsinanEnglishsentence?IsthereadifferencebetweenthewordattributiveandphraseattributiveconcerningtheirpositionsinaChinesesentence?TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChineseawell-managedcompany一家管理完善的公司thearchitect’sluxurioushouse建筑师的豪华住宅theancientChinesephilosophers中国古代的哲学家们somethingurgent紧急的事情somewhereunknown不为人所知的某个地方aprojectofbuildingupthefirstcorpusofspokenChineseinChina创立中国第一个汉语口语语料库的项目astudentwithalotofcomplaintsfortheuniversity一个对学校颇多抱怨的学生particlesmovingroundtheiratomicnucleus环绕原子核运动的粒子amachineabletorecognizehumanvoice能识别人的声音的机器agirlwearingalongwhitedress穿着白色长裙的姑娘abookeasytoread一本容易读的书ReadthetextbookP23-24Conclusion:UsuallyinEnglish,thewordattributiveisputbeforethenoun,andthephraseattributiveisputafterthenoun,butinChinese,itisalmostalwaysforattributivestobeputbeforethenoun.Task2WheretoPuttheAdverbialQuestionsInChinese,whereisanadverbialput?InEnglish,whereisanadverbialput?Isthereadifferencebetweenthewordadverbialwhichmodifiesanadjectiveandthewordadverbialwhichmodifiesaverbconcerningtheirpositionsinasentence?(BothinEnglishandChinese)TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChineseorEnglishShewasnotparticularlybeautiful,butshecertainlyleftadeepimpressiononeverybody.她并不是特别地美丽，但她显然给每个人都留下了深刻的印象。Thepopulationofthatcountryisgrowingrapidly.那个国家的人口正在急速增长。Helistenedintentlyuntilthestorywastold,andthenquestionedher.他专注地听着，直到她把故事讲完，然后才提出问题。ChineseorEnglishEquivalents在我的记忆中，我的老师来到我身边的那一天是我生命里最重要的日子ThemostimportantdayIrememberinallmylifeistheoneonwhichmyteachercametome.从母亲的手势中我模模糊糊地猜测到有件不寻常的事情就要发生了。Iguessedvaguelyfrommymother’ssignsthatsomethingunusualwasabo