英美国家概况 Australia 澳大利亚

AustraliaNation-buildingfromaConvictSettlementTheintroductionofAustraliahistoryEventsandpeoplethatmadeanationAustraliahistoryTheearlypre-colonialperiodThecolonialperiodbeforeFederationModerntimesafterFederationTheearliestresidentsAboriginesAround50,000to60,000yearsagoBeforethearrivalofthewhitesettlersin1788DidgeridooThecolonialperiodbeforeFederationEuropeandiscoveryofAustraliaAustraliaastheconvictsettlement/penalcolonyEuropeandiscoveryofAustralia1770CaptainJamesCookdiscoveredtheeasterncoastofAustralia(NewSouthWales)ThefirstdiscoveryofAustraliabyDutchexplorerswasin1606,buttheydidn’trealizeit.1642DutchnavigatorAbelTasmansightedtheTasmaniaandnameditVanDieman’sland1688WilliamDampierwasthefirstEnglishnavigatortoseeAustralia(northwestcoast)CaptainJamesCookAnationalheroinAustraliathegreatestBritishexplorerandnavigatorContributiontotheEuropeanknowledgeoftheSouthernHemisphereandprovidingimportantinformationfortheFirstFleetthatwasgoingtosetupoverseascolonyforBritainin17881755RoyalNavy1768anexpeditiontothesouthpacificwithasecretpurposetofindthesoutherncontinent1770discoveredtheeasterncoastofAustralia(NewSouthWales)andsoonclaimedtheentirecontinentfortheBritainAustraliaastheconvictsettlementTime:beganin1788Background:theindependenceofthe13Americancoloniesin1776meantBritainhadlostitsoverseasprisoninNorthAmerica.Reason:toalleviatepressureontheoverburdenedprisonsandreducethecrimerateinBritainEvent:theFirstFleetTheFirstFleetAdmiralArthurPhillip:theGovernorofthecolonyOnJanuary18,1788,theFleetarrivedatBotanyBay(notsuitableforsettlement;infertile;shortageofwater;unfriendlyAborigines)OnJanuary26,1788,enteredPortJacksonandchosethesiteSydneyCoveasthefirstBritishsettlementinAustralia.(that’swhyJanuary26iscelebratedasAustraliaDay)OnMay13,1787,theFirstFleetof11shipssailedfromBritaintoAustralia.AdmiralArthurPhillipthefoundingfatherofAustraliaReasons:foundedthefirstBritishsettlementinAustraliaatasiteinPortJackson(SydneyHarbor)setupciviladministrationwithcourtsoflawinsteadofestablishingthecolonyasamilitaryprison.WhenheleftNewSouthWalesin1792,thecolonywaswell-established.SydneyHarborBritishsettlementFrom1788to1888,sevencoloniesweresetupundertheBritishrule,andtheeconomiesofthecoloniesdevelopedwell.Goldrush(1851)In1868,transportationofconvictstoAustraliaendedandfreemigrantsfromBritainbegansettlingdown.TheGoldRush•ThediscoveryofgoldinAustraliabeganin1851andoccurredintheaftermathofaworldwideeconomicdepression•markedaturningpointinAustralia’scolonialhistory•transformedAustraliaeconomically,politically,anddemographically•causedmoreandmorefreesettlerscomingandariseoftheanti-transportationmovement•sawoutburstsofracistviolenceagainsttheChinesegoldminersThefederationofAustraliaOnJanuary1,1901,theestablishmentoftheCommonwealthofAustralia1931anindependentnationoftheBritishCommonwealth1914~1918,worldwarI1939~1945,worldwarIIAfterworldwar,alargeamountofimmigrantswenttoAustraliaandcontributedtothedevelopmentofAustraliaThefederationofAustraliaGoldrushTheFirstFleetCaptainJamesCookstimulateThebeginningoftheBritishsettlementinAustraliaProvideinformationforFirstFleetModerntimesafterfederationrapideconomicdevelopment:theembracementofmulticulturalismandAsianeconomicboomChallenges:racerelation(refusetoendorsetheUNDeclarationontheRightsofIndigenousPeoples;indigenouspeoplehavealivingstandardmuchlowerthantheotherAustralians)globalwarmingterrorismThankyou