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大学英语四级考试备考练习1PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicNoSmokinginPublicPlaces.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:1.有人在公共场所吸烟;2.在公共场所吸烟的危害;3.如何杜绝这一现象。PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestions.Forquestions1-7,markY(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage.NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.WhatIsCultureShock?Cultureshockcanbedescribedasthefeelingofconfusionanddisorientation(迷惘)thatoneexperienceswhenfacedwithalargenumberofnewandunfamiliarpeopleandsituations.Manythingscontributetoit—smells,sounds,flavorsandtheveryfeelingoftheaironeisbreathing.Thesymptomsofcultureshockcanappearatdifferenttimes.Althoughonecanexperiencerealpainfromcultureshock,itisalsoanopportunityofredefiningone’slifeobjectives.Itisagreatopportunityoflearningandacquiringnewperspectives.Cultureshockcanmakeonedevelopabetterunderstandingofoneselfandstimulatepersonalcreativity.Symptoms:Sadness,loneliness,melancholy(忧郁)PreoccupationwithhealthAches,painsandallergies(过敏)Insomnia,desiretosleeptoomuchortoolittleChangesintemperament,depression,feelingvulnerable,feelingpowerlessAnger,irritability,resentment,unwillingnesstointeractwithothersIdentifyingwiththeoldcultureoridealizingtheoldcountryLossofIdentity:TryingtoohardtoabsorbeverythinginthenewcultureorcountryInabilitytosolvesimpleproblemsLackofconfidenceFeelingsofinadequacyorinsecurityDevelopingstereotypesaboutthenewcultureDevelopingobsessionssuchasover-cleanlinessLongingforfamilyFeelingsofbeinglost,overlooked,exploitedorabusedStagesofCultureShockCultureshockhasmanystages.Eachstagecanbeongoingorappearonlyatcertaintimes.Thefirststageistheincubationstage.Inthisfirststage,thenewarrivalmayfeeleuphoricandbepleasedbyallofthenewthingsencountered.Thistimeiscalledthehoneymoonstage,aseverythingencounteredisnewandexciting.Afterwards,thesecondstagepresentsitself.Apersonmayencountersomedifficulttimesandcrisesindailylife.Forexample,communicationdifficultiesmayoccur,suchasnotbeingunderstood.Inthisstage,theremaybefeelingsofdiscontent,impatience,anger,sadness,andfeelingincompetence.Thishappenswhenapersonistryingtoadapttoanewculturethatisverydifferentfromthecultureoforigin.Transitionbetweentheoldmethodsandthoseofthenewcountryisadifficultprocessandtakestimetocomplete.Duringthetransition,therecanbestrongfeelingsofdissatisfaction.Thethirdstageischaracterizedbygainingsomeunder-standingofthenewculture.Anewfeelingofpleasureandsenseofhumormaybeexperienced.Onemaystarttofeelacertainpsychologicalbalance.Thenewarrivalmaynotfeelaslostandstartstohaveafeelingofdirection.Theindividualismorefamiliarwiththeenvironmentandwantstobelongtoit.Thisinitiatesanevaluationoftheoldwaysversusthoseofthenew.Inthefourthstage,thepersonrealizesthatthenewculturehasgoodandbadthingstooffer.Thisstagecanbeoneofdoubleintegration(整合)ortripleintegrationdependingonthenumberofculturesthatthepersonhastoprocess.Thisintegrationisaccompaniedbyamoresolidfeelingofbelonging.Thepersonstartstodefinehimself/herselfandestablishgoalsforliving.Thefifthstageisthestagethatiscalledreentryshock.Thisoccurswhenareturntothecountryoforiginismade.Onemayfindthatthingsarenolongerthesame.Forexample,someofthenewlyacquiredcustomsarenotinuseintheoldculture.Thesestagesarepresentatdifferenttimesandeachpersonhashis/herownwayofreactinginthestagesofcultureshock.Asaconsequence,somestageswillbelongerandmoredifficultthanothers.Manyfactorscontributetothedurationandeffectofcultureshock.Thefactorsaretheindividual’sstateofmentalhealth,typeofpersonality,previousexperiences,socio-economicconditions,familiaritywiththelanguage,familyand/orsocialsupportsystemsandlevelofeducation.HowtoFightCultureShockThemajorityofemigrantindividualsandfamilieshavetheabilitytopositivelyconfronttheobstaclesofanewenvironment.Somewaystocombatstressproducedbycultureshockare:Developahobby.Don’tforgetthegoodthingsyoualreadyhave.Remember,therearealwaysresourcesthatyoucanuse.Bepatient—theactofemigratingisaprocessofadaptationtonewsituations.Itisgoingtotaketime.Learntobeconstructive.Ifyouencounteranunfavorableenvironment,don’tputyourselfinthatpositionagain.Beeasyonyourself.Don’ttrytoohard.Learntoincludearegularformofphysicalactivityinyourroutine.Thiswillhelpcombatthesadnessandlonelinessinaconstructivemanner.Exercise,swim,takeanaerobicsclass,etc.Relaxationandmeditationhavebeenproventobeverypositiveforpeoplewhoarepassingthroughperiodsofstress.Maintaincontactwithyourethnicgroup.Thiswillgiveyouafeelingofbelongingandwillreduceyourfeelingsoflonelinessandalienation.Maintaincontactwiththenewculture.Learnthelanguage.Volunteerincommunityactivitiesthatallowyoutopracticethelanguagethatyouarelearning.Thiswillhelpyoufeellessstressaboutlanguageandbeusefulatthesametime.Allowyourselftofee