认知语言学：框架与脚本

contentsFrameandperspectiveTheframenotion:differentconceptionsandrelatedconceptsFromframestoscripts:flyingonaplaneTherestaurantscriptFrameandperspectiveThenotionofframewasintroducedintolinguisticsbyCharlesFillmoreinthemiddleofthe1970sbasedonhisbynowclassicexample,thecommercialeventframe.B(goods)A(buyer)C(money)D(seller)Figure5.1The[BUY]frame(afterFillmore1977a:104)buyFrameandperspectiveExamples:(1)DavidboughtanoldshirtfromJohnfortenpounds.(2)JohnsoldanoldshirttoDavidfortenpounds.(3)JohnchargedDavidtenpoundsforanoldshirt.(4)DavidpaidtenpoundstoJohnforanoldshirt.Inthissentenceallfourcomponentsofthe[BUY]frameare•Theassignmentofsyntacticrolesisgovernedbythechoiceoftheverbbuy,whichisthesyntacticperspective.Frameandperspective•Thenotionofperspectivereliesontheprincipleofprominence,thatisonfigure/groundsegregation.•The[BUY]frameisnotjustausefultoolforthesyntacticdescriptionoftheverbbuy,butitcanalsobeappliedtotheverbssell,chargeandpay.•Thedifferencebetweenthefourverbsissimplyachangeofperspectivewithinthesameframe.FrameandperspectiveFrameandperspective•ThetwoverbsbuyandpaydescribethecomercialeventfromtheBUYER'sperspective,whilesellandchargeperspectivizethesituationfromtheSELLER'spointofview.Frameandperspective•Thisisafirstsignthattheframeapproachgoesbeyondthefigureandgroundapproachinthatitpaysmoreattentiontothelessprominentpartsofsentenceslikeadverbials.Theframenotion:differentconceptionsandrelatedconceptsthenotionofframeanysystemoflinguisticchoicescollectionsofwordschoicesofgrammaticalrulesorlinguisticcategries•Startingoutfromthislinguisticposition,theconceptionoftheframenotionhasshiftedtowardsacognitiveinterpretation.Theframenotion:differentconceptionsandrelatedconcepts•Everysentenceevokesacertaincognitiveperspectiveonasituationbythechoiceoftheverbandtheparticularsyntacticpatternthatitgoverns.•Thebasisforperspectiveismainlyprovidedbythecognitiveabilityofdirectingone'sattention.•Thesimilaritiesbetweentwoapproaches:thefigureandgroundapproach&theframeandattentionapproachTheframenotion:differentconceptionsandrelatedconceptstheprofilingofparticipantsinaninteractivenetworkassyntacticfigureandgroundthenotionofperspectivizingtwoelementsofaframeassubjectandobject≈TheyrelyonFillmore'searlyCaseGrammer,andsharethebeliefthatclausepatternscannotbeseeninisolationbutagainsttheircognitivebackgroundTheframenotion:differentconceptionsandrelatedconcepts•Thedifferencesbetweenthetwoapproaches:(1)Researchesworkingintheframeparadigmareinterestedinproblemsrelatedtothemeaningoftheverbsthatbelongtoaframe.(2)Theframeapproachpresentsaunifiedviewofsyntacticpatterns,(3)thefigureandgroundapproachmainlyemphasizesthetwoprominententitiesonthelevelofclauseinthesyntacticfigureandthesyntacticground;however,theframehassomethingtosayaboutlinguisticitemsthatattractonlyasmallportionofourattentionpotential.Theframenotion:differentconceptionsandrelatedconcepts•EXamples:5.Davidspenttenpoundsonanoldshirt.6.TheoldshirtcostDavidtenpounds.Theframenotion:differentconceptionsandrelatedconceptsTheframenotion:differentconceptionsandrelatedconcepts•Framescanbeconceivedasawayofdescribingthecognitivecontextwhichprovidesthebackgroundforandisassociatedwithcognitivecategories.Theframenotion:differentconceptionsandrelatedconcepts•Framesarejustoneofvarietyofcognitivemodelswhichalsoincludethe'scenarios',domainsandinteractivenetworksandthe'scrips'.Fromframestoscripts:flyingonaplane•Therelevenceofframesextendsovertheboundariesofsinglesentencestomuchlargerlinguisticandcongnitiveunits.•Thefollowinglittlestory:SuecaughtaplanefromLondontoMadrid.Aftershehadfoundherseatshecheckedwhetherthelifevestwasbeneathit,butshecouldnotfindit.Sosheaskedtheflightattendanttofindoneforher.Attention:thetwooccurrencesofthedefinitearticlethe.Fromframestoscripts:flyingonaplaneQuestion:Whysothetwousesofthedefinitearticlesoundcompletelynaural,althoughtheycannotbeexplainedwiththerulesofgrammaralone?Explaination:Weneedtomakeinferencesthatarebasedonourworldknowledgetounderstandthedefinitereferences.•Cognitivecategoriesactbothasanchorsandastriggersforframes.Fromframestoscripts:flyingonaplane•Frameisintheformatofcategoriesandtheirterrelationsthatframesaredesignedanditisbythesamecategoriesthattheyareactivated.•Categoriesistoprovide'defaultassignments'bysupplyingcontext-dependentprototypes.•Alltheseexpectationsthatarebasedonourexperienceandstoredinourlong-termmemoryarepartoftheframe-systemandinfluenceourabilitytoproduceandunderstandthelanguagerelatedtoit.Fromframestoscripts:flyingonaplaneFromframestoscripts:flyingonaplane•The[FLYINGONAPLANE]framehassofarbeenpresentedasifitwereamotleycollectionofcategories.Fromframestoscripts:flyingonaplane•Aflightexhibitsaverypredictabletemporalstructureinwhichonestageisoftenaprerequisiteforthenextstage.•Viewingtheflightfromsuchasequentialperspective,wegobeyondsimpleframesandmoveintothescripts,i.e.knowledgestructuresthatareparticularlydesignedforfrequentlyrecurringeventsequences.Fromframestoscripts:flyingonaplaneTherestaurantscripts•Therestaurantscripts