英国地方政府

Lecture3PeopleandtheStateWearenotFrench,andwearenotothernations.WeareBritish,thankGod.--------Fied-MarshalMontgomeryItisbetterknownforwhatitoncewasthanwhatitisnowItwasthefirstcountry–toestablishtheParliament–towitnessabourgeoisdemocracywithaconstitutionalmonarchy–ToundergotheIndustrialRevolution(Sun-never-settingBritishEmpire)Ithasthemostimportantlanguageintheworld.Peoplea.HistoryLanguage(NorthGermany)CeltsorBritons(2000yearsago)Romans(1stcenturyA.D)Celtsregained(earlyfifthcentury)NorthGermany(Angles,Saxons,andJutes,startedtomigratetoEngland)NormansPopulationinU.K.Thetotalpopulation62m(2010)3rdlargestinEurope.Ithasoneofthehighestpopulationdensitiesintheworld,withsome231personslivingineverysq.kmabouttentimesasmuchasthatoftheU.S.Government1.Partypoliticsa.TwomajorpartiesintheU.K.i.TheToryParty(Conservatives)ii.TheWhigParty(liberal),theFabianSociety,andtradeunions(theLabour)iii.TheOppositionortheOppositepartyiv.MP(membersofparliament)CentralGovernmentandLocalGovernment1.Centralgovernmenta.Monarch,Parliament,andtheCabinetb.Parliament:thelaw-makingbodyc.ExecutivebranchCentralGovernmentandLocalGovernment2.Englandisnowdividedinto45counties.Eachcountyissubdividedintoabout6districts.EachoftheseadministeredareashasitsownelectedcouncilaslocalauthorityCouncilorsandMayors(市长).AldermanBy-lawsLaw,lawcourtandlegalprofession1.LawEnglishconstitutionisembodiedinanumberofseparatelaws.Fourelements:actsofparliament;commonlaw;equitylaw,EuropeanCommunitylegislation.2.Lawcourta.TheEnglishlawcourtsaredividedintothreetiers:magistrates’courts,circuitcourtsandhighcourtsb.J.P.:JusticeofPeaceC.Anopencourtandjurysystem3.Legalprofessiona.Solicitorsb.Barristersi.InnsofCourtinLondon伦敦法律协会ii.BarexaminationPolice:bobby,peeler,“ScotlandYard”unarmedtraditionNationalflagTheredcrossofSt.GeorgeofEngland,thewhitesaltireofSt.AndrewofScotlandandtheredsaltireofIreland.Theysymbolizetheunionofthenation.Religion1.BritainisaChristiancountrya.597AD.StAugustinelandedinKentandbuiltthefirstchurchatCanterbury,thereligiouscapitalofEngland.b.TheestablishmentchurchofEnglandii.ReformationoftheEnglishChurchEdwardVI:Protestanismiii.MaryI:Catholicreactioniv.ElizabethI:theChurchofEnglandwasestablishedonamoderateProtestantbasis.ReligionSocialcustomsbasedonreligion:Christmas,Calendar,Sunday,EasterOtherreligiongroups:Jews,Moslems,andtheBuddhistsCharacteristicsoftheEnglishpeople1.TheconservatismoftheEnglishpeople2.Theiremphasisonobedienceandpropermanner3.Generationgap4.SomespecificstylesofBritishyouthsubculturese.g.beats,hippies,punksValuechangesexpressedinmarriageandfamilylife.e.g.aloneparentfamily,children,dependentchildren,separation,divorce,nofamilyhouseholds,loneparentwithdependentchildren.Trend:fewermarriages,moredivorces