John Galsworthy完整版 文学史 约翰.盖尔斯华绥

JohnGalsworthy(1867–1933)约翰高尔斯华绥Ifyoudonotthinkaboutthefuture,youcannothaveone.BriefIntroductionJohnGalsworthy(1867-1933)wasoneofthemostdistinguishedEnglishcriticizedrealisticwriterandplaywrightofthe20thcentury.Heproduced20novels,2plays,3collectionsofpoetry,173shortstories,5collectionsofessays,700lettersTheNobelPrizeinLiterature1932wasawardedtoJohnGalsworthy“forhisdistinguishedartofnarrationwhichtakesitshighestforminTheForsyteSaga(福尔赛世家）.”HislifeHismarriageHisspecialfeatureHislifeJohnGalsworthywasbornatKingstonHillinSurrey,Englandintoanestablishedwealthyfamily.HewaseducatedatHarrowandNewCollege,Oxford.Hewastrainedforthelaw,buthewasn’tinterestedinitandinsteadtravelledabroadtolookafterthefamily’sshippingbusinessinterests.DuringthesetravelshemetJosephConrad(康拉德），andthetwofuturenovelistsbecameclosefriends.HismarriageIn1895GalsworthybegananaffairwithAdaPearsoncooper(1864-1956),thewifeofhiscousin.Hiscloseassociationwithhiscousin’swifeAda,whohadanunhappymarriedlife,finallyledtoherdivorce.Afterherdivorcetenyearslater,thepairmarriedonthe23September1905,andstaytogetheruntilhisdeathin1933.HisspecialfeatureHewasaconventionalwriter,havinginheritedthefinetraditionsofthegreatVictoriannovelistsofthecriticalrealism.Technically,hewasmoretraditionalthanadventurous,focusingonplotdevelopmentandcharacterportrayal.Hewasalsosuccessfulinhisattempttopresentsatireandhumorandstraightforwardlanguage.Hisfictionalworldwashonestlyandcompassionatelyconstructedwithinterestingstories,livelycharactersandvividdialogues.HisMajorWorksFromtheFourWinds,1897---firstvolumeofshortstoriesJocelyn,1898---firstnovelManofDevin,德尔郡的一个人，1901TheIslandPharisees,海岛，1904---hisfirstimportantwork,whichcriticizesbourgeoislifeTheSilverBox,1906---hisfirstplayFraternity,喜悦，1909Strife,斗争，1909TheForsyteSaga福尔赛世家---hismasterpieceThefirstForsytetrilogyincludes:TheManofProperty,有产业的人，1906InChancery,骑虎，1920ToLet,出租，1921ThesecondForsytetrilogyincludes:TheWhiteMonkey，白猿,1924TheSilverSpoon,银匙，1926SwanSong,天鹅之歌1926Thethird,EndoftheChapter,1934TheForsyteSaga有产业的人《有产业的人》（1906）是Galsworthy所创作的《福尔赛世家》三部曲中的第一部。书中所描写的福尔赛世家正处于由兴盛到衰落的转折时期。福尔赛一家是金融家、交易所经纪人、拥有房地产或者股票的资产阶级。他们对立身处世、待人接物，对衣食住行、家庭关系，对殖民地、不列颠帝国等都形成了本质上相同的看法，这就是书中所讲的“福尔赛精神”，它的主要特征是“紧抓住财产不放，不管是老婆，还是房子，还是金钱，还是名誉”。《有产业的人》中的主人公索米斯Soames被作者称为“福尔赛军队的先锋”。他把一切东西都当作商品、当作资本。每看见一幅名画、一件古玩，总要想到这在拍卖行里能拍卖多少钱。他买地造屋，首先考虑地价会不会上涨，房子将来能否卖上高价。在对待妻子伊琳Irene的态度上，更加明显地暴露出这种观念。他看中她的美貌，想占为己有，便用金钱收买了伊琳的后母，达到了目的。但他并没有把妻子看做是有独立人格的人，只是像收藏名画一样占有她，自己则由于“在全伦敦面前感到是这个尤物的占有者而沾沾自喜，自觉身价百倍”。ThethingthatprovestobemosttroublesomefortheForsyteisthefactthatSoamesknowsthathiswifeIreneisnothispropertyinitsrealsense.Shehasherwayofthinkingandisdriftingawayfromhim.Shedoesnotlovehim.AndthisissurelymorethanwhatSoamescanstand.Therefore,thealreadytenserelationshipbetweenhusbandandwifegetsevenworse.Thefree-mindedIreneisdeterminednottobepossessedbythehard-headedSoamesandshecomestoaface-to-faceconfrontationwithherhusband.PointsofViewHewasessentiallyabourgeoisliberal,areformist.Hewaspreoccupiedwiththesocialinjusticeinhistime,andregardedhumanlifeasastrugglebetweentherichandthepoor.Hissympathieswerealwaysengagedonthesideofthesufferingpoor.小说的主题小说对于福尔赛一家表面上一团和气、你来我往，骨子里却勾心斗角、互相猜忌、幸灾乐祸的自私心理，作了细致的揭露。小说对资产阶级作了犀利的讽刺，是最能体现Galsworthy进步思想和艺术手法的现实主义杰作。思想局限性描写的生活圈子过于狭隘，局限于资产阶级中上层的道德、婚姻、家庭领域，而没有展现出那一时代广阔的社会风貌。在揭露和讽刺“福尔赛精神”的同时，却又对福尔赛家族某些重要成员，如老乔里恩等人进行理想化的描写。