Peking opera京剧英文介绍

MadeBY：2组•Chinahasmorethan300formsoftraditionalopera,ofwhichPekingOperaisthemostpopular.•PekingOperaevolvedfromKunquOpera,anevenmoreancientartofdramalistedbyUNESCOin2001amongthefirstgroupofworksrepresentinghumankindthroughoralhistory.Beijing(Peking)OperaPekingOperadevelopedinearly19th-centuryBeijingandpresentssinging,music,chanting,dancingandmartialartsallinonestageperformance.The“FourGreatAnhuiTroupes”四大徽班comingtoBeijingin1790usheredtheformingofBeijingOpera.ThecombinationofHuidiao（徽调),Kunqu(昆曲)andQinqiang(秦腔)graduallyformedPekingopera'smainmelodies,TheBeginningPeriodPekingoperaisgenerallyregardedashavingfullyformedby1845withthebirthofthefirstgenerationofPekingoperaperformers.Thefollowingpictureshows13famousperformersbetween1860and1890Beijingoperareachedmaturitybetween1883and1918.ThiswaspartlybecausetheEmpressDowagerCixibecamearegularpatronofit.Inthisperiod,theleadingfiguresareTanXinpei,WangGuifenandSunJuxianwhowerecalled”ThethreepostgiantsofHousheng”.TanXinpei----theleadingfigurePeaktimeRoleClassificationTherolesofBeiiingOperaarestrictlyclassified.Therewerealtogethertentypesofrolesinthebeginning,whichweresheng,dan,jing,chou,mo,fu,wai,wu,za,andliu.Later,theywerereclassifiedintofourmajorroles,namelysheng(male),dan(female),jing(paintedface),chou(clown).Andeachrolewasfurtherdivided.•Whatappealstoforeignersmostmightbethedifferentstylesoffacialmake-up,whichisoneofthehighlightsofChineseoperaandrequiresdistinctivetechniquesofpainting.Exaggerateddesignsarepaintedoneachperformer’sfacetosymbolizeacharacter’spersonality,role,andfate.Thistechniquemayhaveoriginatedfromancientreligionsanddance.Audienceswhoarefamiliarwithoperacanknowthestorybyobservingthefacialpaintingaswellasthecostumes.PekingOpera’sfacialmake-upisbasedonlife,orrather,itisthesummarizationoflife.1、Drawontheprinciplesofgeneticorigin.借鉴生活中血统遗传的原理。Forinstance,ZhangPao(张苞),sonofZhangFei张飞,MengQiang孟强,sonofMengLiang孟良,theyallfollowtheirfathers’facialmake-upandthisgraduallybecameageneralpractice.2、Theyusedifferentcolorstospecifydifferentcharactersinconformitywiththerolesintheopera.3、Relyondescriptionsofthecharactersinclassicalliteraryworksorfolkstories.Forexample,thered-facedGuanYuandthedark-facedBaoGong.Faceofeunuch(太监脸)Thecolorofitiseitherredorwhite.Wryface歪脸：Lackingsymmetryisadevicetoexaggeratethewrynessanduglinessoffacialfeatureoftheaccomplicesandbullies.Yuanbao(Shoe--shapedgoldingo)facet(元宝脸):Itgotthenameasthecoloroftheforeheadandtecheekisdifferentandtheoutlinelookslikeashoed-shapedgoldingot.Faceofimmortal:(神仙脸)CompositionofthefaceoriginatedfromthestatueoftheBuddha构图取法佛像。Themaincolorsusedaregoldenandsilverywhichstandforholinessanddignity主要用金、银色，或在辅色中添勾金、银色线条和涂色块，以示神圣威严。Faceofdemon:(小妖脸)Alsocalled“randomface”(随意脸)”Generalmeaning：brave、loyalandchivalrous侠义,mostlyforapositiveroles;others：ironically,sometimesitrepresentsthosewhoaregoodlookingbutactuallybadinnature.Generalmeaning：straightforward、braveandfortitude刚毅，fullofwisdomothers：representtheyinfromyinyang,usuallyforghosts,darkskinguysorugly-lookingpeopleGeneralMeaning:Insidiousandtreacherous,obstinate阴险奸诈andadheretohisownjudgment;刚愎自用Others:sometimesitalsorepresentsmonks,eunuches(太监)andagedpeople.GeneralMeaning:uprightandunyielding;aherowhowillneverbefalteredbyneitherthreatsnorforce”.Others:sorrowfullooking,orevenuglylookingpeople.•Besidescolor,linesalsofunctionassymbols.Forexample,afigurecanbepaintedeitherallwhiteonhisface,orjustaroundthenose.Thelargerthewhiteareapainted,themoreviperoustherole.•京剧脸谱，是具有民族特色的一种特殊的化妆方法。由于每个历史人物或某一种类型的人物都有一种大概的谱式，就像唱歌、奏乐都要按照乐谱一样，所以称为“脸谱”。关于脸谱的来源，一般的说法是来自假面具。•京剧脸谱，是根据某种性格、性情或某种特殊类型的人物为采用某些色彩的。红色有脸谱表示忠勇士义烈，如关羽、姜维、常遇春，用作辅色暗示人物命运，如蒋忠、华雄、高登等；黑色的脸谱表示刚烈、正直、勇猛、粗率，甚至鲁莽，如包拯、张飞、李逵、项羽、杨七郎等；黄色的脸谱表示彪悍、阴险、凶狠残暴，如庞涓、宇文成都、典韦。蓝色或绿色的脸谱表示一些刚强骁勇、粗犷、桀骜不驯的人物，如窦尔敦、马武、程咬金、公孙胜等；白色的脸谱一般象征阴险狡诈的坏人，如曹操、严嵩、赵高、秦桧、司马懿等。Méiwasbornin1894inafamilyofPekingOperaandKūnqǔperformers.Hemadehisstagedebutwhenhewas10yearsold.Inhis50-yearstagecareer,hemaintainedstrongcontinuitywhilealwaysworkingonnewtechniques.Hissmooth,perfectlytimed,poisedstylehasbeenknowninoperacirclesasthe“MéiSchool.”1.In1915,forthefirsttimeMeiusedthespotlight追光inPekingOpera.2.In1923,MeiwasinspiredtoadderhutotheaccompanimentofPekingopera,whichenricheditsbackgroundmusic.3.In1930,Meimadeattourperformancewithhistroupeabroad,andvisitedJapan,Canada,andtheUnitedStates.HeshowedtothewholeworldhowmarvelousthePekingOperaisandthetourturnedtobeagreatsuccess..MeiLanfangrankedfirstinthe“FourFamaousDan-roleActors”四大名旦•Kunqu•Cuanxi•Huangmeixi•Yueju•Qinqiang•Yuju•Hebeibangzi•CantoneseOpera