美国奴隶与棉花种植业

CottonandSlavery1815-1848TheCottonGinTheinventionofcottonginin1793madeshort-staplecottonprofitable.Thereafter,cottonandslaverybegantoexpand-fromtheAtlanticCoasttoTexas.CottonProductionintheSouth,1820–1860Cottonproductionexpandedwestwardbetween1820and1860intoAlabama,Mississippi,Louisiana,Texas,Arkansas,andwesternTennessee.CottonProduction•In1800,theU.S.produced73,000balesofcotton.•By1820,cottonaccountedfor39%ofallAmericanexports.•By1840,cottonaccountedfor52%ofU.S.exports.•By1860,cottonaccountedfor58%ofallAmericanexportsand75%oftheworld’sentiresupplyofcotton.CottonExportsasaPercentageofAllU.S.Exports,1800–1860After1800,cottonrapidlyemergedasthecountry’smostimportantexportcropandquicklybecamethekeytoAmericanprosperity.Between1820-1860,cottonfueledtheentireAmericanmarketeconomy!•SouthernplanterssoldthecottonandusedtheincometopurchasesuppliesfromtheWestandgoodsandservicesfromtheNorth.•Northernfactoriesmademoneybyturningrawcottonintoclothandnorthernmerchantsprofitedfromshippingthecottonandreshippingthefinishedtextiles.SlaveryprovidedthelaborforthisAmericanmarketeconomy;thus,slaverywasaNATIONALinstitutionthatspreaditsinfluencethroughouttheentirenation!Becauseslavelaborproducedthecotton,increasingexportsstrengthenedtheslavesystemitself.SlavePopulation,1820–1860SlaveryspreadsouthwestwardfromtheupperSouthandtheeasternseaboardfollowingthespreadofcottoncultivation.•In1820,cottonproductionandslaverywasconcentratedintheuppersouth.•By1860,cottonproductionandslaveryhadspreadtothelowersouth.•Fromthe1840sforward,cottonproductionmadethesoutherneconomystrongerandwealthierthanthenortherneconomy.AsslaverygrewintheSouth,sodidwhatmanyNorthernerscalled“TheSlavePower.1.Theplanteraristocracy-averysmallpercentofsouthernsociety-controlledthesocial,political,andeconomicpowerofthesouth.2.FromthefirstpresidentialelectiontotheelectionofLincoln,Southernerscontrolledthenationalgovernmentmostofthetime.3.TheSouthhelddisproportionatepoliticalpowerundertheConstitution.4.From1800-1860whentheDemocratswerethepredominatepoliticalparty-thepartyofstatesrights-theyusedtheirpowertopassfederallawsdesignedtostrengthslaveryasanationalinstitution.Theplanteraristocracy-asmallpercentofsouthernsociety-controlledthesocial,political,andeconomicpowerofthesouth•In1860,25%ofallSouthernersownedslaves.•Ofthat25%•52%owned1-5slaves•35%owned6-9slaves•11%owned20-99slaves•1%owned100ormoreslaves•Thosewhoowned20ormoreslaves-about3%oftheentirewhitepopulation-controlledthesocial,political,andeconomicpoweroftheSouth.FromthefirstpresidentialelectiontotheelectionofLincoln,Southernerscontrolledthenationalgovernmentmostofthetime•49of72yearswerecontrolledbySouthernslave-owningDemocrats.•Theonlypresidentswhowerereelectedwereslave-owningDemocrats.•2/3oftheSpeakersoftheHouseandPresidentsProTemoftheSenatewereSoutherners.•Fortheentire72years,themajorityofSupremeCourtjusticeswereSouthernersandmostwereslaveowners.TheSouthhelddisproportionatepoliticalpowerundertheConstitution•IntheSenate-whiletheNorthhad60%ofthetotalpopulationand70%oftheentirenation’svoters-theyonlysent50%oftheSenatorstoCongressastherewasanequalnumberofslaveandfreestates.•IntheHouse-the3/5compromisegaveslavestatesanaverageof20morecongressmenaftereachcensusthantheywouldhavehadonthebasisofafreepopulace.•Slavesstateshadabout30moreelectoralvotesthantheirshareofthevotingpopulationwouldhaveotherwiseallowed.AndtheConstitution(Art.IV,Sec.4)requiresthefederalgovernmenttocometotheaidofanystateintheeventof“domesticviolence.”From1800-1860,theDemocratsusedtheirpoliticalpowertopassfederallawsdesignedtostrengthslaveryasanationalinstitution•In1835,afterCongressfailedtopassalawprohibitingthePostOfficefromsending“incendiarypublications”throughthemails,Jacksonandthosewhofollowedtacitlyallowedsuchsuppression.•In1836,Congressbanneddebatingslaveryissuesinthehouse.(Wasnotlifteduntil1845.)•In1850,theFugitiveSlaveActwaspassed.Inaddition,thewhitesouthernslaveownershadahugeholdoverthewhite,non-slaveowningpopulation.How,then,weretheyabletoconvincethevastmajorityofwhitesouthernerstofightforasystem-slaveryandthepowerofslaveholdingaristocrats-inwhichtheyhadnostake?WhiteSupremacy!ThiswoodcutofablackfatherbeingsoldawayfromhisfamilyappearedinTheChild’sAnti-SlaveryBookin1860.Insummary,theexpansionofcotton-encouragedbythenewtechnologyofthecottongin-stimulatedthegrowthofslavery.Thiseconomicreality,inturn,wasmadepossiblebythe“SlavePower.”TheSlavePowerandwhitesupremacywerefurtherreinforcedbythepro-slaveryrationaleofJohnC.Calhoun•Slaverywas“agood-apositivegood”thatwasbothprofitableaswellaspoliticallyandsociallysound.•“Thereneverhasyetexistedinawealthyandcivilizedsocietyinwhichoneportionofthecommunitydidnot…liveonthelaboroftheother…IfearlesslyassertthattheexistingrelationsbetweenthetworacesintheSouthformsthemostsolidanddurablefoundationuponwhichtorearfreeandstablepoliticalinstitutions.”•Calhoun’sargumentcontinuedthatinafreelaborsystem,laborisacommoditywhosepriceisdeterminedbythelawsofthemarket.•Insuchasystem,slaverywasnecessarybecauseitproducedamasterclassthatg