矿渣堆治理与研究

摘要拟治理矿山采用地表允许自然崩落的空场留矿法采矿，引发以地表采空塌陷为主的地质灾隐患问题日益突出，特别是闭坑后矿区非法开采原留矿柱，加剧恶化了塌陷，并伴随危岩体崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害发生。为了消除矿区内存在的安全隐患，本文对Ｉ号塌陷区内存在的主要灾害体成因机制、影响因素及稳定性进行研究，并对各灾害体提出有针对性的综治理措施：1）对于矿区的危岩体，从极限平衡理论角度分析了天然状态和饱和状态下的稳定性。分析结果表明，危岩体安全储备不足。采用浅孔爆破卸除法对危岩体进行清除；2）对位于采空塌陷坑北帮西侧的不稳定边坡，结合地形情况，主要采用削方卸载+回填反压+浆砌石墙分级护脚方案进行综合整治。3）对矿区的弃渣堆进行稳定性分析，发现天然状态下矿渣体易失稳。为解决矿区的弃渣堆在天然状态下易失稳的问题首先回收部分矿渣体进行塌陷坑回填和拦截坝堆设，对不能回收利用的矿渣堆进行削坡减缓坡度，其表层进行坡面密实硬化和植被治理；4）分析发现降雨下渗严重恶化边坡、坍坑、矿渣堆及坝体的稳定性，应采取措施防止水体下渗，在塌陷坑内采用抵抗变形能力相对较强的碎石盲沟+预制涵管排水系统；对塌陷坑北帮强风化花岗岩边坡及废渣堆，采用马道平台截（排）水沟排水系统。另外在对塌陷坑回填区及废渣堆顶挖方平台采用植草或植树进行生态恢复。综上所述，本论文通过对拟治理矿山Ｉ号采空塌陷区地质灾害进行分析，并提出科学合理的综合防治对策。不仅丰富了矿山地质灾害学的内容，对于其他类似的金属矿山地质灾害分析也具有推广、示范及借鉴意义。关键词：矿山地质灾害；塌陷区；稳定性分析；防治对策；AbstractBecauseofopen-stopeminingmethod,thegroundcollapseprobleminNo.1copperminingareainChimashanhavebecomenincreasingprominent,whichworsenbytheilligalminingthetiberiumspikes.Besidescollapse,theaccompanygeologicalproblemsasunstablerock,landslidesarose.Inordertoeliminatetheexistinghazardsandpreventfuturedisasterinminingarea,thestablityanalysisesofeachdisasterwerecarriedoutfirst,thecomprehensivepreventionmeasureswereputforwardbasedonthestablityanlysisresults:1)Fortheunstablerockmassinminingarea,thestablitywasanlyzedaccordingtolimitequilibriumtheoryundernaturalstate(norainfall)andsaturatedstate.Theanalysisresultsshowinsufficientsecurityreserveforrockmass.Therefore,ituseshallowholeblastingthroughremovetheunstablerockmass.2)Forslopelocateinwest-northofsunkenpit,itadoptGeo-Studiotoanalyzethestablityofslopeinthestateofnatrual(norainfall)andrainfall.Therainfallintensityanddurationtimeareincopratedintoconsideration.Theresultsshowtheslopefailureafteraveragerainfallfor4daysandheavyrainfallfor1day.Ascountermeasures,thecuttingtopsectionandbackfillingthetoeshoudbetakenandthensetuptheretainwallatthetoeofslope.Throughanlysisoftargetedslopestablity,itcanbeconcludedthatthedesignedslopehasenoughsecurityreservesandthedesignshemeisreasonable.3)Fortheabandonslaginminingarea,itisfoundunstableevenundernaturalstatethroughsoftwaresimulating.Firstly,itcanberecycliedtobackfillthesunkenpitandsetupinterceptingdam.Spareslagstackmustbecutslopetosmallerslopeangle,andthesurfacecanaboptclayhardeningtechnologyandvegetationmanagement;4)Itcanbefoundthatrainfallinfilatratingseriouslydeterioratedthestablityofcollapsepit,slagheap,damandslope.Measuresshoudbetakentopreventwaterinfiltrating.Thegravelblindditchaccompanywithprecasttubedrainagesystemisadopttoinbackfillingareaowntoitsstrongresistancetodeformation.Forslopeandslagheap,itcansetupdrainagesystemattoeandplatform.Aseasuresofecologicalrestorating,thegrassandtressplantingplanshoudbetakenafterbackfillingorslopecuttingengineering.Inconclusion,thepaperanlyzethestablityofmaingeologicalhazardsinNo.1copperminingareainChimashanandputforwardthecomprehensivepreventionmeasure,whichenrichesthecontentofminedisastersicenceandmeamtimeownpromotional,demonstrationalandreferencemeaningtotheothersimilaranalysisofmetalmininggeologicalhazards.Keywords:mininggeologicalhazards；collapsearea；stablityanalysis；countermeasures；目录摘要··························································································1ABSTRACT·················································································2目录·························································································3第1章绪论·················································································11.1选题工程背景及选题意义···························································11.2国内外研究现状·······································································21.2.1矿山地质环境保护政策机制研究现状·······································21.2.2矿山地质灾害分析方法研究现状············································41.2.3矿山地质灾害恢复治理研究现状············································71.3本文研究内容与主要创新点························································8第2章塌陷区工程概况··································································92.1塌陷区工程概况·······································································92.2工程地质与水文地质条件·························································102.2.1地形地貌·········································································102.2.2气象条件·········································································102.2.3地层岩性·········································································112.2.4地质构造·········································································112.2.5水文地质条件···································································122.3本章小结··············································································14第3章塌陷区主要地质灾害分析····················································153.1地面塌陷和地裂缝··································································163.1.1成因机制··········································································173.1.2影响因素··········································································183.1.3稳定性分析·······································································193.2危岩体崩塌····················································