有机化学第1章课件

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2020/1/261有机化学OrganicChemistry2020/1/2621、有机化合物的认识过程生命质学说organo燃烧尿素合成“碳”化学(共价键)Mostimportant:•电子效应(诱导效应、共轭效应、超共轭效应)•结构与性质的关系•重要反应及其机理2020/1/2632、有机化学的3个组成2020/1/2643、有机结构的表示(Representationoforganicstructure)HHCCHHLewis结构式(Lewisformula):Kekulé结构式(Kekulestructure):HCHHHCCHHHHCCHHNHHH结构简式(Condensedformula):CH4H2CCH2HCCHNH3OctetRule键线式(Bondstructure):2020/1/2654、结构理论(StructuralTheory)(1)价键理论(ValenceBondTheory)a)共价键的形成是由于成键原子的原子轨道(电子云)相互重叠或交盖的结果。b)共价键的形成是自旋反平行的两个电子配对的结果——电子配对理论。c)共价键的特点:方向性,饱和性。共价键(CovalentBonding)2020/1/266QUESTION…..LET’STRYITFORH2OCanwepredicttheshapesofmoleculessimplybycombiningtheatomicorbitalsavailableoneachatom?HOH:..2020/1/267Oyxz..2s.2p.2poxygen=[He]2s22p4OXYGENORBITALS2pOrbitalsareperpendicular(90o)2p22p12p12020/1/268Oyxz......2s2p2p2pOXYGENORBITALSoxygen=[He]2s22p4unpairedunpaired2020/1/269OyxzH...H.....CombiningatomicorbitalstoformH2O.Incorrectlypredictsa90oangle.2s2p2p2p1s1soxygen=[He]2s22p4hydrogen=1s12020/1/2610HHO105oTheactualH-O-Hangleinwater(measuredbyelectrondiffraction)is105oEXPERIMENTALRESULTThisisnotverygoodagreementwiththeatomicorbitalmodel!2020/1/2611ABETTERTHEORYValenceShellElectronPairRepulsion2020/1/2612碳的核外电子:(2s)2(2px)1(2py)1,(2)杂化理论(Hybridorbitaltheory):2020/1/2613++-2sorbital2porbitalxHYBRIDIZATIONx+-sp3hybridorbitalHYBRIDIZATIONsignsaremathematicalcoordinates,notelectronicchargeRECALL:ORIGINOFTHESP3ORBITALSHAPE2020/1/2614109o28'sp3杂化轨道形状2020/1/2615CHHHH::....symmetricalmoleculeallrepulsionsareequalperfecttetrahedralallangles109o28”NHH:....H..anglebecomeslargerlargerrepulsionsmallerrepulsionanglebecomessmallernotallpairsareequivalenttheunsharedpairsrepelmorestronglythanthebondedpairsUNEQUALREPULSIONSBETWEENPAIRS107oH-N-Hanglereducedto107o109o28”2020/1/2616COMPARISONOFSPxHYBRIDORBITALSmore“p”charactermore“s”charactersp3sp2spbigger“tail”moreelectrondensityinthebondinglobe“cusp”OrbitalplotscourtesyofProfessorGeorgeGerhold2020/1/2617COMPARISONSOFBONDINGDISTANCESIZEOFCUSPSIZEOFTAILsp3sp2spHYBRIDORBITALS杂化轨道mores-likemorep-likeOrbitalplotscourtesyofProfessorGeorgeGerholdmakesshorter,strongerbonds2020/1/2618WHYDOHYBRIDSFORM?2.Strongerbonds(=lowerenergy)areformed3.Hybridshavebetterdirectionalityforformingbonds1.Electronpairrepulsionsareminimized(=lowerenergy)4.Sincepromotionusuallyoccurs,hybridsallowmorebondstoform(=lowerenergy)2020/1/2619价键理论的基本点,也是其缺陷电子是定域的,两个成键原子之间2020/1/2620(3)分子轨道理论(Molecularorbitaltheory)++反键轨道成键轨道节点H1H2H1H2H1H2H2H1分子轨道常用原子轨道线性组合法导出;多少个原子轨道线性组合出多少个分子轨道。2020/1/2621反键轨道成键轨道分子轨道原子轨道原子轨道能量+电子在分子轨道中的填充也遵循能量最低原理、Pauli不相容原理和Hund规则。2020/1/2622+yx212121+12yyxx1212+yxy2x112形成σ键和π键的轨道示意图2020/1/2623MolecularOrbitalsinEthylene•ThebondingMOisfromcombiningporbitallobeswiththesamealgebraicsign•TheantibondingMOisfromcombininglobeswithoppositesigns•OnlybondingMOisoccupied2020/1/2624原子轨道组成分子轨道必须具备下列三个条件:(1)对称匹配—只有对称性相同的原子轨道,才能有效成键。(2)能量相近—只有能量相近的原子轨道,才能有效成键。(3)原子轨道重叠程度越大,形成的键越牢固。电子离域在整个分子中,价键理论电子则在成键轨道,相对讲是定域2020/1/26255、共价键的参数键长(BondLength)键角(BondAngle)键能(BondEnergy)•Reaction2H·H2releases436kJ/mol•bondstrength2020/1/2626键长(BondLength)2020/1/2627键型键长/nm键能/kJ·mol-1键型键长/nm键能/kJ·mol-1C-CC-HC-NC-OC-FC-ClC-Br0.1540.1090.1470.1430.1420.1770.191347414305360485339285C-IC=CC≡CC=OC=NC≡NO-H0.2120.1340.1200.1230.1270.1160.0962186118376957498664632020/1/2628键型kJ/mol键型kJ/mol键型kJ/molH-H435CH3CH2-F444CH2=CH-H452F-F159CH3CH2-Cl341C6H5-H460Cl-Cl243CH3CH2-Br289HC≡C-H523Br-Br192CH3CH2-I224CH3-CH3368I-I151(CH3)2CH-H395CH3CH2-CH3356H-F569(CH3)2CH-F439(CH3)2CH-CH3351H-Cl431(CH3)2CH-Cl339(CH3)3C-CH3335气态时断裂一个共价键所需要的能量——离解能2020/1/26296、键的极性(BondPolarity)和分子的极性(1)共价键的偶极矩(Dipolemoment)HClH3CF键的极性大小用键矩(键的偶极矩)来度量,用符号μ表示。键矩μ等于正、负电荷中心的距离d与正或负电荷q的乘积。单位是D(Debye,德拜)。μ=q×d键矩是一矢量,有方向性,通常规定由正到负,用箭头表示,箭头指向负。HF=1.75D2020/1/2630键矩的大小与原子的电负性(Electronegativity,EN)有关,电负性越大,键矩也越大。2020/1/2631电负性(Electronegativity)Theabilityofanelementtoattractorholdontoelectronsiscalledelectronegativity.AroughquantitativescaleofelectronegativityvalueswasestablishedbyLinusPauling2020/1/2632(2)分子的偶极矩CClHHH=1.87DCClClClCl=0对于双原子分子,其键矩就是分子的偶极矩;对于多原子分子,分子的偶极矩是各键矩的矢量和。2020/1/26337、共价键的断裂和有机反应类型均裂异裂自由基碳正离子/碳负离子自由基反应(freeradicalreaction)离子型反应(ionicreaction)协同反应(concertedreaction)亲核反应亲电反应如何表示?2020/1/26348、有机化合物的分类(1)按碳架分类一按碳架分类链形化合物或称脂肪族化合物环形化合物碳环化合物杂环化合物芳环族化合物脂环族化合物脂杂环化合物芳杂环化合物2020/1/2635O环丙烷环己胺柠檬烯(+)樟脑NH2脂环族化合物OHOOHCO苯苯甲酸萘酚二苯酮芳香族化合物2020/1/2636ALCOHOLS醇RRCCRRCCRRROHCCCCOHdoublebondtriplebondhydroxylALKENES烯ALKYNES炔CLASSFUNCTIONALGROUP(R=anygroupofcarbonandhydrogenatoms)RRCHORCOCHOCOaldehydecarbonylALDEHYDES醛KETONES酮AMINES胺aminoRNHHNHHETHER醚RORORalkoxyRRcannotbeHRcannotbeHHcannotbeRHcanbeRRcanbeHRcanbeHHcannotbeRRcannotbeH(Takespecialcarewhereredarrowsindicate)(2)按官能团(FUNCTIONALGROUP)分类2020/1/2637OHRCOR’OOHCOROcarboxylesterCARBOXYLICACIDS羧酸ESTERS酯RCOCOFUNCTIONALGROUPS…..continuedAMIDES酰胺amidePHENOLS酚phenolOHOHRCONH2CONH2RAROMATICS芳香Anycompoundwhichhasabenzeneringis“aromatic”or“benzenoid”RCLASSFUNCTIONALGROUPR’cannotbeHHcanbeRRcanbeHRcanbeHRcanbeHattachedtoanycarbonbenzeneringnotanalcohol2020/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