the federal system and congress of the United Stat

Exercises(Chap.IX)I.1.D2.D(1941)3.A4.D5.C6.B7.C8.BII.1.sell/American2.Lend-Lease/defense/arms/equipment/arsenal3.discrimination/race/religion/discrimination/peace4.Reagan/1983/missiles/laser/devices/theUS5.Bush/Iraq/blocked/food6.consecutive/neweconomy/scientific/technologicalChapter10•TheFederalSystemandCongress1.TheThreeBasicPrinciplesofUSPoliticalSystem•A.Federalism•B.Separationofpowers•C.RespectfortheConstitution•A.Federalism:atypeofgovernmentinwhichthepowerisdividedbyaconstitutionbetweenthenationalgovernmentandstategovernment.TheUSfederalismoperatesontwolevels,thenationalandthestate.Neitherthenationalnorthestategovernmentreceiveitspowerfromtheother;bothderivethemfromacommonsource,theConstitution.(Itcontrastswithaunitarygovernment,inwhichacentralauthorityholdsthepower,andaconfederation,inwhichstates,forexample,areclearlydominant.)•B.Separationofpowers:theconstitutionaldivisionofpowersamongthelegislative,executive,andjudicialbranches:•thelegislativepowergiventoCongress,•theexecutivepowertoPresident,•thejudicialpowertotheSupremeCourt.•InAmericaitalsomeansgivingeachbranchconstitutionalandpoliticalindependenceandchecksandbalances.•C.TherespectfortheConstitutionandtheruleofthelaw:EveryAmericancitizenisrequiredtorespecttheConstitutionandtoobeythelawsoftheUnitedStates.USHouseofRepresentativesTheUnitedStatesCongressUSSenate2.TheMembershipandPowersofCogressTotalnumberRepresentativesdecidedbyelectionTermQualificationTheHouse435apportionedamongpopulation2years25yearsold;sevenyears'citizenshipTheSenate1002everystate6years;staggered:1/3everytwoyears30yearsoldnineyears'citizenshipShirleyChisholm•(November30,1924–January1,2005)wasanAmericanpolitician,educator,andauthor.•In1968,shebecamethefirstAfrican-AmericanwomanelectedtoCongress.•IWouldRatherBeBlackThanFemaleFactorsaffactedtheelectionofarepresentativeandasenator•Partystrength•Personalcharacterandappeal•First-termorincumbentstatus•Occasionalnationaltides•Campaignstategiesandfundraisingabilities•Thecostofrunningforthecongress:•Thecongressmanvotes:•Firstlytowinthefavorofhislocaldistrict,•Secondlytoconformtoorsupportthepolicyofhisparty.PowersoftheCongress•1.Thespecificpowers•Collecttaxes,regulateforeignanddomesticcomerce,coinmoney,declarewar,supportanarmyandnavy,establishlowerfederalcourts,admitnewstatestotheUnion,proposeamendmentstotheconstitution,collectfederalincometaxes,enforceprotectionandextensionofcivilrights.•2.Impliedpowers•NotstatedperseintheConstitution.•DerivefromtherightofCongresstomakealllawsnecessaryandpropertocarryoutitsspecificpowers.3.LeadershipandCommitteesinCongress•TheSpeakeroftheHouseofRepresentative:•Theonlypresidingofficer,traditionallytheleaderofthemajoritypartyintheHouse.•Secondinlineinpresidentialsuccession(afterVicePresident).•Controltheselectionofcommitteechairsandcommitteemembers•AuthoritytosettheorderofbusinessoftheHouse.•ThemajorityleaderissecondonlytotheSpeaker.PaulRyan&JohnBoehner•当地时间2015年10月29日，美国国会众议院在华盛顿全院表决选举众议长，45岁的美国威斯康辛州联邦众议员保罗·瑞安顺利当选，接替离任议长博纳，他是美国近150年来最年轻的众议长。TheSenate•TheVicePresidentisofficiallythepresidingofficer,thepresidentoftheSenate•Tievote:equalnumbersofvotesoftwosides.•presidentprotempore（临时参议长）:anhonoraryposition,traditionallygiventothesenatorinthemajoritypartywhohasthelongestcontinuousservice.ServesaspresidentoftheSenateintheabsenceoftheVicePresident.IncumbentOrrinHatchsinceJanuary6,2015IncumbentJoeBidenSinceJanuary20,2009thewhipsoftheparties•thewhipsoftheparties(纪律委员,督导)•seetoitthatpartymembersarepresentforimportantvotes,andprovidetheircolleagueswithinformationneededtoensurepartyloyalty.Fourtypesofcommittees•standingcommittee（常务委员会）•selectcommittee（特别委员会）•conferencecommittee（会议委员会）•jointcommittee（联席委员会）Standingcommittee(常务委员会)•TodeterminewhetherproposedlegislationshouldbepresentedtotheentireHouseorSenateforconsiderationSelectcommittee•Specialcommittee•temporarycommitteeestablishedtoexaminespecificissues•mustbereestablishedwitheachnewCongressConferencecommittee•DealwiththedifferencesinlegislationthathasbeenpassedbyeachofbothhousesofCongress.Jointcommittee•Hasmembersfrombothhouses•theleadershiprotatingbetweenSenateandHousemembers.•FocusesonissuesofgeneralconcerntoCongressandinvestigateproblemsbutdonotproposelegislation.HowaBillBecomesaLawRulesCommittee规则委员会•TheCommitteeonRules,or(morecommonly)RulesCommittee,isacommitteeoftheUnitedStatesHouseofRepresentatives.Ratherthanbeingresponsibleforaspecificareaofpolicy,asmostothercommitteesare,itisinchargeofdeterminingunderwhatruleotherbillswillcometothefloor.Assuch,itisoneofthemostpowerfulcommitteesandisoftendescribedasanarmoftheleadershipandasthetrafficcopofCongress.•AruleisasimpleresolutionoftheHouseofRepresentatives,usuallyreportedbytheCommitteeonRules,topermittheimmediateconsiderationofalegislativemeasure,notwithstandingtheusualorderofbusiness,andtoprescribeconditionsforitsdebateandamendment.•无限制演讲•IntheUnitedStatesSenate•Afilibusterisadilatoryorobstructivetacticusedtopreventameasurefrombeingbroughttoavote.Themostcommonformoffilibusterocc