TG grammar五阶段

4.8FivestagesofdevelopmentofTGgrammarFivestagesofdevelopment1)TheClassicalTheory,whichaimstomakelinguisticsascience.SyntacticStructures,19752)TheStandardTheory,whichdealswithhowsemanticsshouldbestudiedinalinguistictheoryAspectsoftheTheoryofSyntax,19653)TheExtendedStandardTheory,whichfocusesdiscussiononlanguageuniversalsanduniversalgrammarStudiesonSemanticinGenerativeGrammar,19724)TheRevisedExtendedStandardTheory(orGB),whichfocusesonGovernmentandBindingLecturesonGovernmentandBinding,19815)TheMinimalistProgram,whichisafurtherrevisionoftheprevioustheory.TheMinimalProgram,1995MinimalistInquiries:TheFramework,19984.8.1TheclassicalTheory1)Itaimstomakelinguisticsascience:2)Itsfeatures:①Emphasizingongenerativeabilityoflanguage②Introducingtransformationalrules③Grammaticaldescriptionregardlessofmeaning3)Chomskyputforwardthreekindsofgrammar:①Finitestategrammar②Phrasestructuregrammar③Transformationalgrammar4.8.2Threekindsofgrammar1)ThefinitestategrammarItisthesimplesttypeofgrammarwhich,withafiniteamountofapparatus,cangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentences.Buttheyallareverysimpleintheirstructure.Chomskydevisesthisgrammartoshowtheimpracticalityoforganisingalanguagefromaleft-to-rightorder.2)ThefinitestategrammarItisappropriatetodescribe“stimulus-response”processoflearning,butitisinappropriatetoexplainthecomplexitiesofthehumancognitivesystem.Itcontainsdeepstructureandsurfacestructure.Deepstructure:theabstractrepresentationofthesyntacticpropertiesofaconstruction.Surfacestructure:thefinalstageinthesyntacticderivationofaconstructionDeepstructureandsurfacestructureInbrief,thesentencesthathavetheformthatpeoplecanactuallysayarecalledsurfacestructures.Butthedeepstructuremeansthefactthatspeakerstrytoconveythemessageofthesentence.Thatistosay,thesurfacestructureoflanguagedeterminestheformofsentences,whiledeepstructuredeterminesmeaningofsentences.Forexample,(1).Theglassisbroken(2).BreakingtheglassThoughtheformofsentencesisdifferent,butthemessageconveyedissame.Thefactthatweknowtheglassisbrokenisthedeepstructureofsentence,butthetwoformsofsentencesthatconveythefactisthesurfacestructure.3)PhrasestructuregrammarItconsistssolelyofphrase-structurerulesthatformalisesomeofthetraditionalinsightsofconstituentstructureanalysis.Thisgrammarhasgreatergenerativepowersthanafinitestategrammar.4)PhrasestructuregrammarThephrasestructurerules(alsocalledrewritingrules)areasfollows:a.S→NP+VPb.VP→Verb+NPc.NP→NP(single)NP(plural)d.NP(s)→D+Ne.NP(p)→D+N+sf.D→theg.N→｛man,ball,door,dog,book,…｝h.Verb→aux+Vi.V→｛hit,take,bite,eat,walk,…｝j.Aux→Tense(+M)(+have+en)(+be+ing)k.Tense→PresentPastl.M→｛will,can,may,shall,must,…｝5)PhrasestructuregrammarPhrasestructurerulesarecalledrewritingrules.Thegenerativeprocessofasentenceistheprocessofrewritingonesymbolintoanother.Forexample,howtoformthesentence“Themanhittheball”?Wemustuserulesandrepresentthemby“bracketing”and“diagramming”.TheGenerativeProcessofASentence:Bracketing:(NP(Det(the)N(man)VP(V(hit)NP(Det(the)N(ball))))Diagraming:SNPVPDetNVerbNPDetNthemanhittheball6)Transformationalrules(T-rules)aretheoperationsthatadd，deleteorchangeelementsinonestructuretoproduceanotherstructure.Itreferstoalltherulesthatapplyafteralllexiconitemshavebeeninsertedintothestructures.7)Chomskyhaslisted16transformationalrulesforEnglish.Forexample:Jackhasnotfinishedhiswork.ThefirstpartisanNP.Thesecondpartcanbeanalysedintoa“concordelement”(Forrealisationoftheinflectedformslike“has”,etc.),representedbyC,plusamodalverb,have,thatis,“C+have”.Thethirdpartcanberepresentedwithanellipsis,foritisnotimportant.Structuralanalysis:NP---C+have---…Structuralchanges:X1-X2-X3→X1-X2+n’t-X3EachpartssubstituedwithX1,X2,X3Thetransformationalrulefornegationoftheformer8)Phrasestructuregrammar○Twokindsoftransformationalrule:obligatoryandoptionalthetransformationofnegation,thepassivevoice,etc.Thetransformationofauxiliariesandparticles4.8.3Somedefectsinthetheory①Thetransformationalrulesaretoopowerful.②Therulesmaygenerateill-formedsentencesaswellaswell-formedones.Forexample,withtherulesSNP+VP,andVPV+NP,theremightbegeneratedthefollowingtwo:SSNPVPNPVPVNPVNPJohndrinkwinewinedrinkJohn③Thetransformationalrulesforthepassivevoicecannotbeusedatwill,forsomeoftheEnglishverbsdonothavepassivestructures.SNPAuxVPDetNPPThemotheroftheboyandthegirlwillarrivesoon.SNPAuxVPNPNPThemotheroftheboyandthegirlwillarrivesoon.④phrasestructureistooflexible4.9ThestandardTheory1)Chomskysaysthatagenerativegrammarshouldconsistofthreecomponents:syntactic,phonologicalandsemantic.Therelationshipsofthethreecomponentscanbeillustratedbythefollowingdiagram:Syntacticcomponent\BaseComponentRewritingRulesLexiconDeepStructureT-RulesSurfaceStructureSemanticComponentPhonologicalRulesSemanticRepresentationPhonologicalRepresentationRe-writingRulesgeneratedeepstructureofsentence,transformationalrulestransformdeepstructureintosurfacestructure.semanticcomponentmakessemanticinterpretationondeepstructure,phonologicalcomponentmakesphonologicalinterpretationonsurfacestructure.2)ItsadvantagesovertheClassicalTheory①Transformationcanon