Chapter 12 American Education

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Chapter12AmericanEducationMediaHolidaysContentsI.IdealsofAmericanEducationII.ElementaryandSecondaryEducationIII.HighereducationⅣ.MediaⅤ.HolidaysIntroduction“Asystemofnosystems”•AmericanbeliefsofandcommitmenttoeducationEqualityLocalcontrolThebasicnatureofknowledgeandlearningPersonalbenefits&SocialbenefitsA“cure-all”CharacteristicsofAmericanEducation•NatureofschoolsPublicschoolsarecreated,financiallysupportedandgovernedbystatesorcommunities.Privateschoolsarethosebyreligiousgroups,ornonreligiousprivateorganizationsorindividuals.ElementaryandSecondaryEducation•1.Term–last12yearsfromage6to18.•2.Pattern–Thetypicalorganizationalpatternforbothis:–theelementaryschoolcoversgrades1---8and–thehighschool9---12.–Others1—5or6,6or7—9(juniorhighschool),–10—12.(seniorhighschool),•3.Management–thestatelevel,thereisthestateboardofeducation教育委员会whichisresponsibleforestablishingpolicies.–Atthedistrictlevel,eachlocalschooldistricthasagoverningboard管理委员会whichisresponsibleforthehiringofprofessionalandsupportstaff,determiningcurriculum,etc.ElementaryandSecondaryEducation•4.Curriculum–Itmainlyconsistsofmasteryofthebasics–Recently,socialization(orcitizenship)skillsareemphasized.•5.Differenthighschools---comprehensive,academic,vocationalandtechnicalschools–Comprehensivehighschoolsprovidebothacademicandvocationaleducation;–Academichighschoolspreparestudentsforcollege;–Vocationalandtechnicalschoolsprovideforavarietyofoccupationalandvocationaleducation.Highereducation•1.BeginningofHighereducation–thefoundingofHarvardCollegein1636.•2.Classificationsofhighereducationtheuniversitiesthe4-yearundergraduateinstitution,thecollegesthetechnicaltraininginstitutionthe2-yearcommunitycollege/juniorcolleges3.Functions–3principalfunctions:teaching,researchandpublicservice.Highereducation•4.AdmissionHowarestudentsadmittedtocollege?Admissiontoaninstitutionisdeterminedbyeachcollegeoruniversity.Itisselectiveandcompetitive.Thegeneralstandardsforadmissionincludethehighschoolrecords(GPA);recommendations;interviewForivy-leagueuniversities,theScholasticAptitudeTest(SAT)学业能力测试isneeded.CommunityCollege•Two-yearcollege“Juniorcollege”“CommunityCollege”Abridgeconnectssecondaryschoolanduniversities•Communitycollege–Form•2-yearcollegeAssociateDegrees准学士学位.–Guidingprinciple•highereducationforeveryone•equalopportunityforself-realizationandfortherecognitionofindividualdifferences–Role–themostimportantinnovations–moreaccessibleandinmeetingtheneedsofeducatedadults,employeesoflocalbusiness,professionalsrequiringcertificationaswellascommunityorganization.CommunityCollegeFour-yearCollege“Liberalartscollege.”“collegeofartsandscience”BA:BachelorofArts.BS:BachelorofScience.Universities•ComprehensiveandComplex•curriculumisbroaderanddeeper,oneormoreprofessionalschools.Avarietyofresearchunits,collegesTeacherswithhigherdoctorates.Credits•“Credithours”“points”:•15-16creditsasemester.•60-64fortwoyear’sassociatedegree.•120-128forthe4yearbachelor’sdegree.ReadlargelyCollectinformationquicklypapersQuizzesorexaminationsAgeGrade18192021UndergraduateLiberalArtsMajor’sGeneralEducationandPreprofessional(4)12342223GraduateSchoolfortheMaster’s(1or2)562425GraduateSchoolfortheDoctorate(2,3ormore)78PostDoctoralandPostprofessionalStudyandResearchTableofAcademicDegreesAcademicLevelsandAcademicCalendar•Aug/Sept→May/June.•Twoterms.16weeks.•Quartersystem:3Terms(11weeks)the4thduringthesummermonth.•Trimester:3equalterms(15weeks)•Majorholidays:Thanksgiving,Christmas,NewYear’sDay,springbreak,vacations.IvyLeague(Ivies,AncientEight)BrownUniversityColumbiaUniversityCornellUniversityDartmouthCollegeHarvardUniversityPrincetonUniversityUniversityofPennsylvaniaYaleUniversityHarvardJohnHarvardCambridgeYalePrincetonUniversityMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyStanfordUniversityUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley·ThemajorradioandT.V.NetworksCBS:ColumbiaBroadcastingSystemNBS:theNationalBroadcastingSystemABS:theAmericanBroadcastingSystemPBS:thepublicBroadcastingService(non-commercial)CNN:theCableNewsNetworkVOA:VoiceofAmerica1)NewYorkTimes2)WashingtonPost3)LosAngelesTimes•TwomajornewsmagazinesTimesNewsWeek•Themajorwireservices•AP:theAssociatedPress•UPI:theUnitedPressInternationalThethreemostinfluentialnewspapersMajorNewspaper,MagazinesandNewsAgenciesMajorNewspaper,MagazinesandNewsAgenciesNewYorkTimes1851.ItisoneofthethreebiggestnewspapersintheU.S.A.andcloselyassociatedwiththeRockefellerInterestGrouphasbeenincontrolofitWashingtonPast1877,oneofthethreebiggestnewspapersandcloselyassociatedwiththeconventionalconservativeforceintheCongress.LosAngelesTimes1881,oneofthethreebiggestnewspapersinU.S.A.publishedbytheTimesandMirrorCompanyinLosAngeles,controlledbytheCaliforniaInterestGroupandalsoassociatedwiththeMorganInterestGroup.Timesaweekly,establishedin1923,withahugenumberofjournalistsmainlyreportingeconomicwithacirculationof5.5millioncopiesforeachissue.NewsWeekaweekly,establishedin1933,acomprehensivemagazine,withcolumnsofnews,commerce,science,educationandartsetc.,athomeandabroad,withacirculationof3mill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