英语修辞学ENGLISHRHETORICichoiceofsentences

•TypesofSentence•Accordingtotheirfunction,wehave—•1)declarativesentences.（陈述句）•2)interrogativesentences.（疑问句）•3)imperativesentences.（祈使句）•4)exclamatorysentences.（感叹句）•Accordingtotheirstructure,wehave—•1)simplesentences.（简单句）•2)compoundsentences.（并列句）•3)complexsentences.（复合句）•4)compound-complexsentences.（并列复合句）Fromarhetorical（修辞）pointofview,wehave—1)loosesentences.（松散句）2)periodicsentences.（掉尾句）3)balancedsentences.（平行句）4)Shortandlongsentences（长短句）Fromarhetoricalpointofview,sentencesareloose,periodic,orbalanced.•I.loosesentenceandperiodicsentence•1.Aloosesentenceputsthemainideabeforeallsupplementaryinformation;inotherwords,itputsfirstthingsfirst,andletsthereaderknowwhatitismainlyaboutwhenhehasreadthefirstfewwords.Thereversearrangementmakesaperiodicsentence:themainideaisexpressedatorneartheendofit,anditisnotgrammaticallycompleteuntiltheendisreached.Thereaderdoesnotknowwhatitismainlyaboutuntilhefinishesreadingit.(AHandbookofWritingDingWangdao)a.ShedecidedtostudyEnglishthoughshewasinterestedinmusic.b.Althoughshewasinterestedinmusic,shefinallydecidedtostudyEnglish.•ThemainideaofbothsentencesisthefactthatshedecidedtostudyEnglish.Thisideaisputatthebeginningofthefirstsentenceandattheendofthesecond,thusmakingonealoosesentenceandtheotheraperiodicone.Besides,thefirstpartofthefirstsentenceiscompleteinstructure,butthatofthesecondisonlyanadverbialclauseandcannotbecalledasentencewithoutthesecondpart.Loosesentence•mainideaispresentedatthebeginningandthesubordinateordependentconstituentsareaddedtoit.Suchsentencesareplacedinanaturalorderlikethis:subject-verb-complement.Theinformationisorderlypresentation.Itisoftensimpler,natural,anddirect.•E.g..•Thestudentsatquietly,tremblingatthethoughtofwritinganessay.Periodicsentence•subordinateideacomesfirstandmainideacomesattheend.E.g.Havingconsideredbothsidesoftheargument,Ihavecometotheconclusionthattheadvantagesofowningacaroutweighthedisadvantages.•A.YoucannotmakegreatprogressinEnglishwithoutgoodstudyhabits.B.Withoutgoodstudyhabits,youcannotmakegreatprogressinEnglish.•Sentenceaandsentencebaresemanticallysame,butdifferentinstructure.Sentenceaisaloosesentence,butsentencebtheperiodicsentence.Themainideaisputatthebeginningofthefirstsentencefollowedbythesupplementandexplanationandattheendofthesecondsentence,thusmakingonealoosesentenceandtheotheraperiodicone.•4.Translatedterms:loosesentence:松句《英语修辞》p,44；松散句《大学英语》1993年第1期p.92；松句《英汉大词典》p.1053。•Periodicsentence:掉尾句《英语修辞》p,45;掉尾句《大学英语》1993年第1期p.92；尾重句，圆周句《英汉大词典》p.1348。•Thepopulartranslatedtermsare:•loosesentence松散句•Periodicsentence掉尾句II.Thedifferencebetweenthetwotypesofsentences•*Loosesentencesareeasier,simpler,morenaturalanddirect;periodicsentencesaremorecomplex,emphatic,formal,orliterary.•1.Hewasaninch,perhapstwo,undersixfeet,powerfullybuilt,andheadvancedstraightatyouwithaslightstoopoftheshoulders,headforward,andafixed-from-understarewhichmadeyouthinkofachargingbull.Hisvoicewasdeep,loud,andhismannerdisplayedakindofdoggedself-assertionwhichhadnothingaggressiveinit.•Itseemedanecessity,anditwasdirectedapparentlyasmuchathimselfasatanybodyelse.Hewasspotlesslyneat,appareledinimmaculate(整洁的;无瑕的)whitefromshoestohat,andinthevariousEasternportswherehegothislivingasship-chandler’s(船舶用品商)water-clerkhewasverypopular.•Mostofthesentencesarecompoundandcompound-complex,andallofthem,exceptthesecondhalfofthelastsentence,arelooseinstructure.•2.Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.•——JaneAusten•ThisisthesentencewithwhichJaneAustenbeginsherPrideandPrejudice.It’saperiodicsentencebecausethelastwordbeingthemostimportant,andbecausemanywordsarepiledupbeforethekeyword.III.Themethodsofmakingloosesentencesandperiodicsentences•1.Preposingorpostposingtheadverbialclause•(1)Loose(postposition):Theworldwon’tendevenifwefailagainandagain.•Periodic(preposition):Evenifwefailagainandagain,theworldwon’tend.•(2)Loose(postposition):BillhadcleanedtheroombeforeTomreturned.•Periodic(preposition):BeforeTomreturned,Billhadcleanedtheroom.•2.Preposingorpostposingtheadverbialphrase•(1)Loose(postposition):Billstartedtowritehiscompositionearlyinthemorning.•Periodic(preposition):Earlyinthemorning,Billstartedtowritehiscomposition.•(2)Loose(postposition):Wefeelmuchhonoredtohaveyoucometovisitourcountry.•Periodic(preposition):Tohaveyoucometovisitourcountry,wefeelmuchhonored.•3.Preposingorpostposingtheppl(participle)phrase•(1)Loose(postposition):Shecameupshoulderingaspade.•Periodic(preposition):Shoulderingaspade,shecameup.•(2)Loose(postposition):Hecameback,utterlyexhausted.•Periodic(preposition):Utterlyexhausted,hecameback.•4.Preposingorpostposingtheprepositionalphrase•(1)Loose(postposition):Tomwascuttingapieceofmetalwithgreatcare.•Periodic(preposition):Withgreatcare,Tomwascuttingapieceofmetal.•(2)Loose(postposition):Thiswasdonewithoutmyknowledgeandwithoutmyconsent.•Periodic(preposition):Withoutmyknowledgeandwithoutmyconsent,thiswasdone.•5.Preposingorpostposingtheapposition•(1)Loose(postposition):TombecamefondofBill,acheerful,hard-workingappren