Thin Film Deposition Methods for CuInSe2 Solar Cel

PLEASESCROLLDOWNFORARTICLEThisarticlewasdownloadedby:On:10August2009Accessdetails:AccessDetails:FreeAccessPublisherTaylor&FrancisInformaLtdRegisteredinEnglandandWalesRegisteredNumber:1072954Registeredoffice:MortimerHouse,37-41MortimerStreet,LondonW1T3JH,UKCriticalReviewsinSolidStateandMaterialsSciencesPublicationdetails,includinginstructionsforauthorsandsubscriptioninformation:~content=t713610945ThinFilmDepositionMethodsforCuInSeb2/bSolarCellsMariannaKemella;MikkoRitalaa;MarkkuLeskeläaaLaboratoryofInorganicChemistry,DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofHelsinki,Helsinki,FinlandOnlinePublicationDate:09March2005TocitethisArticleKemell,Marianna,Ritala,MikkoandLeskelä,Markku(2005)'ThinFilmDepositionMethodsforCuInSeb2/bSolarCells',CriticalReviewsinSolidStateandMaterialsSciences,30:1,1—31TolinktothisArticle:DOI:10.1080/10408430590918341URL:::1–31,2005Copyrightc
TaylorandFrancisInc.ISSN:1040-8436printDOI:10.1080/10408430590918341ThinFilmDepositionMethodsforCuInSe2SolarCellsMariannaKemell,∗MikkoRitala,andMarkkuLeskel¨aLaboratoryofInorganicChemistry,DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofHelsinki,Helsinki,FinlandCuInSe2anditsalloyswithGaand/orSareamongthemostpromisingabsorbermaterialsforthinfilmsolarcells.CuInSe2-basedsolarcellshaveshownlong-termstabilityandthehighestconversionefficienciesofallthinfilmsolarcells,above19%.Solarcellsbasedonthesematerialsarealsoverystable,thusallowinglongoperationallifetimes.Thepreparationofathinfilmsolarcellisamultistageprocesswhereeverystepaffectstheresultingcellperformanceandtheproductioncost.CuInSe2andotherCuchalcopyritescanbepreparedbyavarietyofmethods,rangingfromphysicalvapordepositionmethodssuchasevaporationandsputteringtolow-temperatureliquidphasemethodssuchaselectrodeposition.Thepresentreviewdiscussesfirsttheconceptandoperationprincipleofthinfilmsolarcells,aswellasthemostimportantthinfilmsolarcellmaterials.Next,thepropertiesofCuInSe2andrelatedcompounds,aswellasfeaturesofsolarcellsmadethereofarereviewed.ThelastpartofthetextdealswithdepositionmethodsusedforthepreparationofCuInSe2andCu(In,Ga)Se2thinfilmabsorbersandsolarcells.Althoughtheemphasishereisonabsorberpreparationmethods,bufferandconductingoxidepreparationarediscussedaswell.Keywordsphotovoltaics,copperchalcopyrites,absorberlayer,bufferlayer,transparentconductingoxideTableofContentsLISTOFSYMBOLSANDABBREVIATIONS..............................................................................................................21.INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................................22.THINFILMSOLARCELLS...................................................................................................................................33.CuInSe2SOLARCELLS.........................................................................................................................................53.1CrystalStructureandBandGapoftheAbsorberMaterial......................................................................................63.2EffectofAbsorberCompositiononSolarCellPerformance...................................................................................63.2.1Cu/(Ga+In)Ratio...................................................................................................................................73.2.2Ga/(Ga+In)Ratio...................................................................................................................................73.3StabilityandDefectChemistryofCIGS..............................................................................................................83.3.1DefectChemistry....................................................................................................................................83.3.2MetastableBehavior................................................................................................................................93.3.3RadiationHardness.................................................................................................................................93.4SodiumandOxygeninCIS-BasedSolarCells...................