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TheScarletLetterbyNathanielHawthorne汉学院15级：杨冠宇马婧颐张雪雯TheintroductionofNathanielHawthorneNathanielHawthorneJuly4,1804–May19,1864BriefIntroductionBornin1804inthecityofSalem,Massachusetts（马萨诸塞州）.EnteredBowdoinCollegein1821andgraduatedin1825.Publishedhisfirstworkanonymously（不具名地）,anoveltitledFanshawe《范肖》in1828.HeworkedataCustomHouse（海关）andjoinedBrookFarm,atranscendentalistcommunity,beforemarringPeabodyin1842.PublishedTheScarletLetterin1850.DiedonMay19,1864.MajorWorks主要作品1828Fanshawe长篇小说《范肖》1837TheMinister'sBlackVeil《教长的黑纱》1850TheScarletLetter长篇小说《红字》—atreatmentoftheeffectsofsinonthehumanspirit.1851TheHouseofSevenGables《有七个尖角阁的房子》1852TheBlithedaleRomance《福谷传奇》1860TheMarbleFaun《玉石雕像》HawthorneandAmericanPuritanismPuritanswasthenamegiveninthe16thcenturytothemoreextremeProtestants（新教徒，基督教徒）withintheChurchofEnglandwhothoughttheEnglishReformation（英国宗教改革）hadnotgonefarenoughinreformingthedoctrinesandstructureofthechurch.TheywantedtopurifytheirnationalchurchbyeliminatingeveryshredofCatholicinfluence（加尔文教势力残余）.Inthe17thcenturymanyPuritansemigratedtotheNewWorld,wheretheysoughttofoundaholyCommonwealthinNewEngland.Puritanismremainedthedominantculturalforceinthatareaintothe19thcentury.HawthorneisinfluencedbyPuritanismdeeply.Heisnotapuritanhimself,buthewasgreatlyinfluencedbyhisPuritanancestorswhoplayedimportantroleinhislifeandworks,andwasdifferentfromhisancestors,hehadafeelingtosomeextentsofPuritanismasbeingintolerantandcruel.HeoftenexaminedandanalyzedsocialphenomenonintheviewofPuritanism,buthedetestedtherigidityofPuritanism.HawthorneandtranscendentalismNathanielHawthornewasoneofthemostoutstandingromanticistsinthenineteenthcentury.Hiscreationwascloselyrelatedtothephilosophicalinhistime–transcendentalism.Ononehand,asdisplayedinsomeofhisworkstheideaofself-examination自省,self-reliance自恃,breakingthetheologicaldisciplineslikethetheoryofdestiny（命运）,andthewidelyusedtechniquesymbolismembodiedtosomeextenttotheconnotationoftranscendentalism;LiteraryFeaturesNathanielHawthorneisanAmericannovelistandshortstorywriterinthe19thcentury.HisfictionworksareconsideredpartoftheRomanticmovementand,morespecificallydarkromanticism(黑色浪漫主义），themasterworkisTheScarletLetter.TheintroductionofthescarletletterBackgroundThesettingofTheScarletLetterisBostoninthe1640s.Persecuted(迫害)inEngland,thepuritanscametoNorthAmericatoformtheirnewcommunities.LifeintheColonieswasharsh(严酷的),butwhichgavethePuritanstheopportunitytoformasocietybasedontheirreligiousideals.Puritanssoughtthefreedomtolivebytheirbeliefs.Theypaidattentiontoreason,rejectedfeeling,praisedidealandprohibiteddesire.Butwiththeirdevelopment,theynotonlypersecutedheresy,butalsoimprisonedthewomenwhosmiledonthestreet.TheScarletLetternarratedalovingtragedyunderthepuritancolonialrule.IntroductionTheScarletLettertoldastoryofapuritanwomanHesterPrynnewhowaspunishedtowearascarletAwhichstoodforthecrimeofadultery.TheprettyyoungladytriedtosettledowninBostonwithheroldanduglyhusbandChillinggworth.Butthelatterdidnotappearforyears.Duringthistime,HestercommittedadulterywithalocalministerDimmesdale,andgavebirthtoagirlPearl.Facingtheterriblepunishment,Hesterrefusedtogiveherlover’snameawaytoprotecthimandtriedherbesttoraiseherdaughter.ButDimmesdalestilllivedasauprightminister.Yearslater,thehusbandChillinggworthcametothetownandfoundoutthewholetruth,andheoperatedanhorrorrevengeonDimmesdale,withhidinghisowntruename.Yet,astheendofthestory,theministerdiedduetotheguiltanddisease,admittinghiscrimeofadultery.Hesterchangedthemeaningof“A”from“Adultery”to“Able”and“Angle”byherqualityandbehavior.SymbolsofTheScarletLetter”A”1.”A”firstlystandsforthecrimeAdultery.tothepuritansitisasymbolofjustpunishment.toHester,adeviceofunjusthumiliation.toDimmesdale,apiercingreminderofhisguilt.toChillingworth,aspurtothequestofrevengetoDimmesdale,abrightandmysteriouscuriosity.2.“A”variesitsmeaningasthedevelopmentofthestory.Adultery---AloneandAlienation---Able---AngelandAwardandAble.Symbolofthecharacters1.HesterPrynne—exposedsin.(有形的红字)Hester’ssinisrevealed.2.ArthurDimmesdale—concealedsin（无形的红字）Hishumanityisbeenconstrainedbythepuritansociety.Hissinisnotadulterybutnothavingthecouragetoadmitthathehadadulterated.3.RogerChillingworth—truesin（红字的制造者）Heisamercilessavenger.Therealsinnerofmoralityinthisnovel.4.Pearl–thehumansymbolofthesin（活的红字）ThehumansymbolofthesinoftheadulteryinthefactthatsheleadsHesterPrynneandArthurDimmesdaletoacceptandadmittotheirsin.Sheisalsothelivingsymbolofthescarletletter.Hawthorne:“TheScarletLetterinanotherform;thescarletletterendowedwithlife.”“Shetookthebabyionherarm,and,withaburningblush,andyetahaughtysmile,andaglancethatwouldnotbeabashed,lookedaroundathertownspeopleandneighbors.”“于是，索性用一条胳膊架着孩子，她的面孔红的发烧，却露出高傲的微笑，用毫无愧色的目光环视着她的同镇居民和街坊邻里。”Inthissentence,theauthordescribedHester’sbehaviorwhenshefacedthepunishmentofthepublic.ItisnotdifficultforustoseethatHawthorneappreciatedthewoman.Becauseheractionsaremarkedwithnaturaldignityandforceofcharacter.Eventhoughatthewhimofothers,heractionsaredescribedasappearingtobeofherow