deixis

DEIXIS•Definitiondefinition,characteristicsinuse,deicticandnon-deicticdistinction•DeicticProjection•Pre-emptivenessDefinition•Deixis:(fromGreek)anchoring,pointing•Varioustermiologytoken-reflexivewordsReichenbachindexicalsignsPeirceegocentricparticularsRusselldeixisLevinsonandotherssuchasindex,indicator,pronoun,shifter,etc.•Lyons(1977,637)describeDEIXISas:thelocationandidentificationofpersons,objects,processesandactivitiesbeingtalkedaboutorreferredto,inrelationtothespatiotemporalcontextcreatedandsustainedbytheactofutteranceandtheparticipationinit.•Grammaticalandlexicalfeatureswhichrelateutterancestothespatiotemporalco-ordinatesoftheactofutterance•Thelinguisticmeansusedinthisfunctionareknownasdeictics,indexicals(orindexical/deicticexpressions).-----J.Lyons:Semantics,1977Examples:pronouns,demonstratives,timeandplaceadverbs,andsomegrammaticalcategoriessuchastense.Deixisconcerns:thewaysinwhichlanguagesencodeorgrammaticalizefeaturesofthecontextofutteranceorspeechevent;andthewaysinwhichtheinterpretationofutterancesdependsontheanalysisofthatcontextofutterance.----Levinson:Pragmatics,1983Characteristicsinuse•TheegocentricityofdeixisDeicticexpressionsareanchoredtospecificpointsinthecommunicativeevent.theunmarkedpoints,calledthedeicticcenter,aretypicallyassumedtobeasfollows:deicticcenter(ⅰ)thecentralpersonthespeaker(ⅱ)thecentraltimethetimeatwhichspeakerproducestheutterance.(ⅲ)thecentralplacethespeaker’slocationatutterancetimeorCT.(ⅳ)thediscoursecenterthepointwhichthespeakeriscurrentlyatintheproductionofhisutterance.(ⅴ)thesocialcenterthespeaker’ssocialstatusandrank,towhichthestatusorrankofaddresseesorreferentsisrelative.deicticandnon-deicticdistinction•Deictic:gestural/symbolic•Non-deictic:anaphoric/non-anaphoricdeicticusage—gesturalusagei.e.withreferencetoanaudio-visual-tacileandaphysical,monitoringofthespeechevente.g.Thisoneisgenuine,butthisoneisfake.—symbolicusagei.e.requiretheknowledgeofthebasicspatio-temporalparametersofthespeechevent,andonoccasionparticipant-roleanddiscourseandsocialparameters.e.g.youcanallcomewithmeifyoulike.non-deicticusage—anaphoricusagei.e.itiswheretermpicksoutasreferentthesameentitythatsomepriorterminthediscoursepickedout.e.g.Johncameinandhesangasong.—non-anaphoricusagei.e.context-freeexpressionswhichingeneralrefertopeople.e.g.Youcanneverpredictwhatwouldhappennext.DeicticProjection•Whatisdeicticprojection?Whenitisnotaface-to-faceconversation,whenthespeakerandtheaddresseearenotinthesameplaceatthetimeofspeaking,thentheegocentricitymaybeviolated.Itmeansthatsometimesdeicticexpressionsareusedinwaysthatshiftthedeicticcentertootherparticipantsinnarratives.Lyonscalledthisdeicticprojection.Fillmorecalleditshiftsinpointofview.•Howtorealizedeiticprojection?1.说话人把指示中心从“自我”转移到他人身上：addressee-centered,ornon-addressedparticipant-centered,orhome-based•Iamnotherenow.•(Someoneknocksatthedoor)I’mcoming.•Icameoverseveraltimestoyourplace,butyouwereout.2.在叙述文中，指示中心从话语生产者(作者本人)转移到故事中的某个角色身上或者转移到隐藏在幕后虚构的叙述者身上。Iwaslookingatthislittlepuppyinacagewithsuchasadlookonitsface.Itwaslike,“Oh,Iamsounhappyhere,willyousetmefree?”•Whydoesdeiticprojectionappearinlanguageuse?•Pragmaticempathy;fortheempathyeffect•Empathy:thepowerofunderstandingandimaginativelyenteringintoanotherperson'sfeelings.•从语用学的角度出发，虽然违背了指示语以说话人为中心的属性，但说话人不以自身为指示中心,而把参照点转移到听人或其他听众身上，在这个过程中说话人以对方为指示照，从对方的角度说话,从而产生了语用移情。•移情在语用学上指交际双方情感相通,能设想和理解方用意,涉及说话人如何刻意对听话人吐露心声,表达意图,听话人如何设身处地来理解说话人言谈的心态和意思。•Lyonscalledthisphenomenonempatheticdeixis(移情指示现象)(P677)•Forexample:1.Firstpersonpronounsmaybeusedtorefertothesecondandthirdpersons(DoctortoPatient)Howarewefeelingtoday?(MumtoDad)We’reinabadmoodtoday.(thekid)2.spacedeixis:come/go;here/there;this/that•发话人常常通过选择不同的移动动词come,go及指示代词this,that等,自觉、不自觉地违反指示语的自我中心特性,来缩短或拉开自己和受话者之间的心理距离或感情距离,以示友好或冷漠。•从礼貌的角度讲,在交谈中发话者选择表示近指的come、this、here比选择表示远指的go、that、there显得友好和亲切。Conditionforempatheticdeixis:•移情是指示语映射现象这一非常规选择所产生的最基本的语用效果。•移情的产生需有两个必要的条件:一是意识到或了解自己的感受,二是将自己与别人等同起来(王初明，P112)contextanddeicticprojection:•语境是会话含义产生的寓所,要研究指示语映射现象所凸现的语用含义和效果,不能离开其所依附的语境。•在不同的语境中,指示语映射除了产生“移情”的语用效果外,由于说话人和听话人之间特殊的关系,还能产生更为复杂的语用效果,如幽默滑稽、羞辱贬斥、嘲讽和诱骗等等。Pre-emptiveness•Pre-emptive:adj.of/concerningdoingsth./actinginadvanceofothers•Pre-emptivenesswasfirstlyputforwardbyLevinsonwhenhediscussedTimeDeixis.•Inpragmatics,itreferstoforestallingdeixisinadvanceofnon-deicticexpressionsincertaincontexts.在具体的语境中指示词语先于非指示词语使用的现象••先用现象涉及语言使用者在使用指示词语时的一种心理趋势，即言语参与者对处于言语指示域内的人、事物、地点和时间优先使用指示词语(Levinson,1983)。•指示域：•相对应的汉语表达方式有：先用现象、先用用法（pre-emptiveusage张权）；先用权（pre-emptiveness沈家煊）；先用性（pre-emptive严辰松、高航）。（additionalinformation）•deicticfield:指示域groundoverwhichthepointingactisunderstoodtoextend.•Intheconcretecase,thedeicticfieldisspatialandrangesfromtheimmediateperceptualpresenttovastregionsdescribesinactsofpointingtodistantlocales.•Intheabstractcase,thegroundtakesonnon-spatialmeanings.Bühler(1982).•Thegeneralorganizationanddynamicofthedeicticfieldcanbesummarizedasanarticulationofseverallogicallyorderedlayers.•ThesimplestiswhatGoffmancalledthesituation,understoodasafieldofcoprese