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ColdWarpoliticalandmilitarytensionthepowersoftheWesternworldthecommunistworldledbytheUnitedStatesanditsNATOalliesledbytheSovietUnion,itssatellitestatesandallies•ThisbeganafterthesuccessoftheirtemporarywartimeallianceagainstNaziGermany,leavingtheUSSRandtheUSastwosuperpowerswithprofoundeconomicandpoliticaldifferences.MarshallPlan&COMECONThepost-warrecoveryofWesternEuropewasfacilitatedbytheUnitedStates'MarshallPlan.WhiletheSovietUnion,waryoftheconditionsattached,declinedandsetupCOMECONwithitsEasternallies.NATO&WarsawPactIn1949,theUnitedStatesforgedNATO,amilitaryallianceusingcontainmentofcommunismasamainstrategythroughtheTrumanDoctrine.WhiletheSovietblocformedtheWarsawPactin1955.1959Worldmapofalignments:•TheColdWarwassonamedasitneverfeatureddirectmilitaryaction,sincebothsidespossessednuclearweapons,andbecausetheirusewouldprobablyguaranteetheirmutualassureddestruction.•Cyclesofrelativecalmwouldbefollowedbyhightensionwhichcouldhaveledtowar.•theBerlinBlockade（封锁）(1948–1949)•theKoreanWar(1950–1953)•theVietnamWar(1959–1975)•theBerlinCrisisof1961•theCubanMissileCrisis(1962)•theSovietwarinAfghanistan(1979–1989)ColdWar(1953–1962)InJanuary1953,DwightD.Eisenhower['aizən,hauə]（艾森豪威尔）wassworninasU.S.President.Andinthesameyear,SovietleaderJosephStalinpassedawayandKhrushchev[kruʃ'tʃɔ:f]（赫鲁晓夫）cametopower.theU.S.A•UnderEisenhower,theUnitedStates'ColdWarpolicyremainedessentiallyunchanged.Whilstathoroughrethinkingofforeignpolicywaslaunched(knownasOperationSolarium),themajorityofemergingideas(suchasarollbackofCommunismandtheliberationofEasternEurope)werequicklyregardedasunworkable.AnunderlyingfocusonthecontainmentofSovietcommunismremainedtoinformthebroadapproachofU.S.foreignpolicy.•Ithinkmostofourpeoplecannotunderstandthatweareactuallyatwar.Theyneedtohearshells.Theyarenotpsychologicallypreparedfortheconceptthatyoucanhaveawarwhenyoudon'thaveactualfighting.”•—AdmiralHymanRickoveraddressingU.S.SenateCommitteeonDefensePreparednessonJanuary6,1958•TheTruman-Achesonapproachofcontainmentandrelianceonconventionalforces;•ThreateningtorespondtolimitedSovietaggressioninonelocationwithnuclearweapons;•SeriousliberationbasedonaneconomicresponsetotheSovietpolitical-military-ideologicalchallengetoWesternhegemony:propagandacampaignsandpsychologicalwarfare.וThus,theadministrationincreasedthenumberofnuclearwarheadsfrom1,000in1953to18,000byearly1961.SovietUnion•AtaspeechtotheclosedsessionoftheTwentiethPartyCongressoftheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnion,February25,1956,NikitaKhrushchevshockedhislistenersbydenouncingStalin'spersonalitycultandmanycrimesthatoccurredunderStalin'sleadership.Althoughthecontentsofthespeechweresecret,itwasleakedtooutsiders,thusshockingbothSovietalliesandWesternobservers.KhrushchevwaslaternamedpremieroftheSovietUnionin1958.•In1960and1961,Khrushchevtriedtoimposetheconceptofnucleardeterrence（核威慑）onthemilitary.•KhrushchevhopedthatexclusiverelianceonthenuclearfirepowerofthenewlycreatedStrategicRocketForceswouldremovetheneedforincreaseddefenseexpenditures.