空中领航学(E_06)

1AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAids北京航空航天大学飞行学院AirNavigation课件制作课程讲授王惠民2AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsNM340MAcorrectlytunedADFindicatesthedirectionofaselectedNDBfromtheaircraft.3AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsNDB-ADFCombinationTheNDB(non-directionalbeacon)isagroundradiotransmitter;andtheADF(automaticdirectionfinder)isareceiverintheaircraft.ThepilotisabletodeterminewithreferencetotheaircraftmagneticheadingapositionlinebetweentheaircraftandNDB.4AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsTheNDB-ADFsystemisusedforthefollowingpurposes:•orientation(whereamI?);•enroutenavigation(trackingfrompointtopoint);•holdingoverspecifiedpoints;and•instrumentapproaches.5AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsNon-directionalbeaconsaresimpleground-basedtransmittersthatradiateanomni-directional(alldirections)signal.NearlyallNDBsinAustraliaoperateonfrequenciesbetween200kHzand400kHz.MostNDBsareprimarilyshort-distancenavigationaids,usefulfordistanceslessthan200nm.Non-DirectionalBeacon(NDB)Non-DirectionalBeacon(NDB)6AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsTwotypesofNDBtransmissionantennas.ThetransmitterpowerofmostNDBsisbetween100Wand3,000W.7AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsMostNDBsareinstalledinpairs,withamainandstandbyincaseoffailure,andareextremelyreliableaids.CivilAviationSafetyAuthoritypersonnelatnearbyaerodromesmonitortheNDBswithinrange,butNDBsinremoteareasshouldbemonitoredbypilotsandanyfaultsreportedbyradiotoallowearlyrectification.NDBReliability8AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsNDBfrequencies,identcodesandgeographicalpositionsarefoundinthefollowingpublications:•EnRouteSupplementAustralia(ERSA);•enroutecharts(ERC);•visualnavigationcharts(VNC);and•visualterminalcharts(VTC).WheretoFindDetailsofanNDB9AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsDetailedinformationforeachNDBispresentedintheERSA.RatedcoveragePositionIdentIdentIdentFrequency212KHz10AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsNDBdetailsonanERC-L.NDBdetailsonaVTC.11AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsBroadcastingStationsBroadcastingstationsoperatingintherangeof500–1,600kHzmayalsobereceivedonanADF.•theycanbedifficulttoidentify;•youcanbeeasilydistractedbythem;•theymaybeunreliable;and•noinformationonrangeispublished.12AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsComponentsandPrincipleofOperationAutomaticDirectionFinder(ADF)ThebasicpurposeoftheADFistoindicatetothepilotthedirectionoftheNDBtowhichtheADFistuned.AutomaticDirectionFinder(ADF)TheADFneedlepointsdirectlytowardstheselectedNDBgroundstation.13AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsADFcomponents.14AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsADFreceiverADFsingleneedleADFdualneedles15AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsReceiverThereceiverandassociatedcontrolpanelisusedtotunetheADFtothefrequencyoftheNDBthatyouhaveselectedtouse.AntennaThemodernADFantennasystemactuallyconsistsoftwoaerials:aloopaerialandasenseaerial.16AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsCockpitDisplayTheADFcockpitdisplayconsistsofacompass,orazimuth,cardplacedverticallyontheinstrumentpanel,withapointerorneedlethatrotatesthroughthefull360º.17AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsADFOperationAsageneralrule,thefollowingprocedureapplies:•Switchon;•SelectADFandtunethefrequencyoftheNDB;•IdentifythesignalfromtheNDB.ThebestapproachistohaveinyourmindtheMorsecodesymbolsyouexpecttohear,anthenlistencarefullytotheidenttoverifythatyouhavethecorrectNDB;•CheckthatitisADFing.Note:Nevertrustasignalthathasnotbeenaccuratelyidentified.18AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsDifferentTypesofADFIndicatorToconveyinformationtothepilot,ADFindicatorsusethreedifferentpresentations:•thefixed-cardADF,orrelativebearingindicator(RBI);•themanuallyrotatablecard,and•theradiomagneticindicator(RMI).19AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsFixed-CardADFOnthefixed-carddisplay,theADFneedleindicatestherelativebearingoftheNDBgroundstationfromtheaeroplane.Afixed-cardADFisarelativebearingindicator(RBI).20AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsItissometimesconvenienttodescribethebearingoftheNDBrelativetothenoseortailoftheaeroplane.TheRBIshowsrelativebearings21AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsEachtimetheaeroplanechangesitsmagneticheading,itwillcarrythefixedcardwithit,buttheneedlecontinuestopointatthestation.Therefore:Witheachchangeofmagneticheading,theADFneedlewillindicateadifferentrelativebearing.22AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsPeriodicallyrealigntheDGwiththemagneticcompass.Wenormallyflymagneticheadingsusingthedirectionalgyro(DG)asthereferenceinstrument.TheDGmustberealignedwiththemagneticcompassthroughouttheflightatregularintervals.23AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsOrientationusingtheRBI.24AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6RadioNavigationAidsAeroplanemagneticheadingMagneticbearingtoNDBfromaeroplaneRelativebearingofNDBfromaeroplaneMagneticbearingofaeroplanefromNDB+=+/180=+MB130FROM-MH280RB030=MB310TO180=25AirNavigation空中领航学Chapter6Radio