中国武术

ChineseMartialArtsandAcrobaticArt1/27/2020WhatistheRealChineseKungFu•ChineseKungFu,notjustfightingtechnique,butisnotasimplefistmovement.Itisthenationalwisdomembodiedourtraditionalculture.Confucianism:ModerationandHarmony(和谐与中庸）Taoism:DialecticalandComprehensibility(辩证与领悟)•Theessenceofthemartialartscultureisthat-people,peoplewithinterdependentnatureofthetraceofthespiritualhometofindpeace,harmony(callednon-fighting),ratherthanfighting.Atleastthemainstreamhasalwaysbeenthecase.1/27/2020•Wushu,isbothanexhibitionandafull-contactsportderivedfromtraditionalChinesemartialarts.ItisfirstcreatedinShangdynasty3000yearsago.Thegeneraltaughtthesoldiersaspecialdancetoenhancetheirtroopmorale,whichisknowntheoriginofWushu.1/27/2020WhatistheRealChineseKungFu•Chinesemartialatrs,sometimesreferredtobytheMandarinChinesetermwushu(武术)andpopularlyaskungfu(功夫),areanumberoffightingstylesthathavedevelopedoverthecenturiesinwhatistodaythecountryofChina.Thesefightingstylesareoftenclassifiedaccordingtocommontraits,identifiedas“families”(家),“sects”(派)or“schools”(門)ofmartialarts.Examplesofsuchtraitsincludephysicalexercisesinvolvinganimalmimicry,ortrainingmethodsinspiredbyChinesephilosophies,religionsandlegends.Styleswhichfocusonqi（气）manipulationaresometimeslabeledinternal(内家拳),whileothersconcentrateonimprovingmuscleandcardiovascularfitnessandarelabeledexternal(外家拳).Geographicalassociation,asinnorthern(北拳)andsouthern(南拳),isanotherpopularmethodofcategorization.OthertypesofKungFu1.external(外家拳)andinternal(内家拳)2.northern(北拳)andsouthern(南拳)3.imitative-styles(象形拳)4.ZuiQuan(醉拳)-DrunkenFist5.TaiChiChuan(太极拳)UltimateSupremeFist6.WingChun(咏春拳）6Terminology•Kung-fuandwushuaretermsthathavebeenborrowedintoEnglishtorefertoChinesemartialarts.However,theChinesetermskungfu(功夫)andwushu(武术)haveverydifferentmeanings;theChineseliteralequivalentof“Chinesemartialart”wouldbezhongguowushu(中国武术).•Wǔshùliterallymeans“martialart”.Itisformedfromthetwowords:武,meaning“martial”or“military”and术,whichtranslatesinto“discipline,“skillor“method.ThetermwushuhasalsobecomethenameforamodernsportinvolvingtheperformanceofChinesebare-handedandweaponsforms(tàolù套路)adaptedandjudgedtoasetofcontemporaryaestheticcriteriaforpoints.7HistoryofChineseMartialArts•Asportrayedinlegend,Chinesemartialartsoriginatedduringthesemi-mythicalXiaDynasty(夏朝)morethan4,000yearsago.Theiroriginhasbeenattributedtotheneedforself-defense,huntingtechniquesandmilitarytraininginancientChina.Hand-to-handcombatandweaponspracticewereimportantintrainingancientChinesesoldiers.•Accordingtotradition,theYellowEmperorHuangdi(legendarydateofascension2698BC)introducedtheearliestfightingsystemstoChina.TheYellowEmperorisdescribedasafamousgeneralwho,beforebecomingChina’sleader,wrotelengthytreatisesonmedicine,astrologyandthemartialarts.Heallegedlydevelopedthepracticeofjiaodi(角抵)andutilizeditinwar.HistoryofChineseMartialArts•Shǒubó(手搏),practicedduringtheShangDynasty(1766–1066BC),andXiangBo(相博,similartoSanda)fromthe7thCenturyBC,aretwoexamplesofancientChinesemartialarts.In509BC,ConfuciussuggestedtoDukeDingofLu(鲁定公)thatpeoplepracticethemartialartsaswellastheliteraryarts;thus,martialartsbegantobepracticedbylaypeopleoutsidethemilitaryandorreligioussects.Acombatwrestlingsystemcalledjuélìorjiǎolì(角力)ismentionedintheClassicofRites(《礼记》1stc.BC).•JiaoDi（角抵）becameasportduringtheQinDynasty(221–207BC).TheHanHistoryBibliographies(汉书)recordthat,bytheFormerHan(前汉,206BC–8BC),therewasadistinctionbetweenno-holds-barredweaponlessfighting,whichitcallsshǒubó(手搏),forwhich“how-to”manualshadalreadybeenwritten,andsportivewrestling,thenknownasjuélìorjiǎolì(角力).WrestlingisalsodocumentedintheShǐJì（《史记》,RecordsoftheGrandHIstorian,writtenbySimaQian,ca.100BC).9HistoryofChineseMartialArts•IntheTangDynasty,descriptionsofsworddanceswereimmortalizedinpoemsbyLIBai.IntheSongandYuanDynasties,xiangpu(相扑,apredecessorofsumo)contestsweresponsoredbytheimperialcourts.ThemodernconceptsofwushuwerefullydevelopedbytheMingandQingdynasties.10ShaolinMartialArts•WithregardstotheShaolin（少林）styleofwushu,itisregardedasthefirstinstitutionalisedChinesemartialart.However,theoldestevidenceofShaolinparticipationincombatisastelefrom728BCthatatteststotwooccasions:adefenseoftheShaolinTemplefrombanditsaround610BC,andtheirsubsequentroleinthedefeatofWangShichong（王世充）attheBattleofHulao（虎牢关之战）in621BC.Fromthe8thtothe15thcenturies,therearenoextantdocumentsthatprovideevidenceofShaolinparticipationincombat.However,betweenthe16thand17thcenturiesthereareatleastfortyextantsourceswhichprovidedevidencethat,notonlydidmonksofShaolinpracticemartialarts,butmartialpracticehadbecomesuchanintegralelementofShaolinmonasticlifethatthemonksfelttheneedtojustifyitbycreatingnewBuddhistlore.1/27/2020少林寺中「十三棍僧救唐王」的壁画1213Martialartsinthemodernera•Thefightingstylesthatarepracticedtodayweredevelopedoverthecenturies,afterhavingincorporatedformsthatcameintoexistencelater.SomeoftheseincludeBaguazhang（八卦掌）,DrunkenBoxing(醉拳）,EagleClaw（鹰爪功）,FiveAnimals（五形拳）,HsingI（形意拳）,HungGar（洪家拳）,Monkey（猴拳）,BakMeiPai（白眉拳）,ParyingMantis（螳螂拳）,Fuj