11.3PASSIVATION11.3钝化作用11.3.1Introduction11.3.1简介Pharmaceuticalequipmentandhighpuritywatersystemsaredesignedsothatproductcontactsurfacesarenotreactive,additive,orabsorptivesothedrugproductisnotadverselyaltered.Highpuritywatersystemsareprimarilycomposedofausteniticstainlesssteel(SS)materialsduetotheircorrosionresistantandcontaminantfreeproperties.Passivationisperformedtomaximizethemetal'scorrosionresistance.Thestainlesssteelissulfuric/nitric/hydrofluoricacidpickledatthemilltoremovemanganesesulfideinclusions,scale,andotherimpuritiesorimperfectionsfromthesurfaceofthesteel.Asthesteelisremovedfromthepicklingbath,athinoxidelayerformsimmediatelyoverthesurface.Thisoxidelayeriswhatrendersthestainlesssteelpassiveandnon-reactivetocorrosion.Any300serieschromiumsteelscontaining17%ormorechromiumthathasbeenhandled,welded,orworkedshouldbepassivatedpriortoserviceandsuitablycleanedpriortopassivation.为了使得药品没有不利变化,在设计制药设备和高纯水系统时,保证它们和产品的接触面是不具有反应性、添加性和吸收性的。考虑到铬镍不锈钢(SS)的抗腐蚀和防污染性,高纯水系统基本上都是由铬镍不锈钢材料构成。钝化作用要做到材料抗腐蚀性的最大程度。不锈钢是将钢浸在硫酸/硝酸/氢氟酸打磨,以去除钢表面的硫化锰类物质、污垢、杂质和缺陷。当从酸浸浴中取出钢时,其表面就会立即形成一层薄薄的氧化物。该氧化物层能使得不锈钢表面不活泼并不具反应性从而不易于腐蚀。300系列的铬钢中,任何系列都含有17%或更多的经处理或焊接的铬,这些铬钢在使用前应钝化,并且在钝化前要做适当的清洁。Passivationisthemethodusedtofortifythesteelsurfacebystrongoxidizingchemicalssuchasnitricacid.Theaciddepletesthesteelsurfaceofacidsolublespecies,leavingthehighlyreactivechromiumonthesurfaceinacompoundedoxideform.钝化作用是通过强氧化性的化学试剂如硝酸,来强化钢表面的。酸可减少钢表面的酸可溶性物质,使得表面的高反应性的铬处于复合氧化物形式。11.3.2AdvantagesofPassivation11.3.2钝化作用的优点WhenSSsystemsarefabricated,theweldingprocessdestroystheexistingpassivefilmandcompromisesthemetal'sabilitytowardoffthecorrosiveprocess.Thisisparticularlyapplicableinthosezonesthatareeitherheataffectedorhavehadresiduesremainincontactwiththemetalsurfaceforprolongedperiods.Passivatingthenprovidesamethodtorestoretheintegrityofthemetalscorrosionresistantsurfacesthatweredisturbed.Passivationmustbeproceededbyacleaningprocess.铬镍不锈钢系统建立后,焊接处理会破坏存在的钝化膜,并降低材料抗腐蚀的性能。这尤其会出现在以下地带:受热侵袭的地方或者需延长和材料表面接触时间的残留物存在处。这样,钝化就会修复那些被破坏的抗腐蚀材料表面的完整性。11.3.3TheChemicalProcess11.3.3化学加工Excessiveelectrondepletionoftheupperfilmandaninadequatesupplyofoxygen(molecularO2)willensuretheformationofsurfacecorrosionproducts.Whenthisoccurs,thechromium(Crn+)separatesfromthesurfaceandopensthewayforoxidationoftheiron(Fe)andnickel(Ni),lowerinthemetallattice.表面膜的过度电排除以及氧化剂(O2分子)的供应不足会形成表面腐蚀产物。当出现这种情况时候,铬(Crn+)就会和表面分离,将材料筛格下层的铁(Fe)和镍(Ni)暴露氧化。EstablishingapassivesurfaceorfilmonausteniticSSisessentialtomaximizethecorrosionresistancethatthemetalsoffer.Passivesurfacesonthesemetalsoccurnaturallywhenexposedtoanoxidizingenvironment.Sourcesofoxygenincludeair,aeratedwater,andotheroxidizingatmospheres.Formationofasubstantialuniformoxidizedcorrosionresistantsurfaceorfilmistheresultofpassivation.在铬镍不锈钢表面形成一个钝化的表面或膜是非常重要的,它可以将材料的抗腐蚀性提高到最大。当暴露在氧化的环境下,这些材料会自发形成钝化表面。氧的来源包括:空气、充氧的水以及其他氧化的大气。钝化的结果是形成了经氧化的均匀的抗腐蚀表面或膜。Besidesnaturaloccurringpassivation,chemicalandelectro-chemicalprocessescanbeusedtoobtainananodicoxidefilm.Nitricacidsolution(HNO3),isanoxidizingacid(depleteselectronfromthemetalsurface)whicherodesthemetal.Thisinitialreactionoroxidationresistsfurtherchemicalreactiononthemetalsurface.Metalsthathavesuchastatearecalledpassiveandthephenomenonitselfiscalledpassivity.除了自发形成的钝化外,化学和电化学加工都可用于形成氧化物膜。硝酸溶液(HNO3)是氧化性酸(去除材料表面的电子),它可以腐蚀材料。初始的反应或氧化可以抵制材料表面再进行化学反应。处于这种状态的材料被称为“经钝化的”,这种现象的本身被称为“钝化性”。Thechromiumoxidefilmthicknesstypicallyrangesfrom0.5-5.0nm,averaging2.0-3.0nm.Thechrometoironratiomeasuredinatomicpercentwithinthechromiumoxideshouldbeatleastonewithratiosoftwoormorebeingoptimal.铬氧化物膜的厚度范围通常是0.5-5.0nm,平均在2.0-3.0nm。铬氧化物中的铬和铁的原子百分数比例至少是1:2(或2以上)。11.3.4PassivationProcedures11.3.4钝化操作Numerousproceduresareavailableforpassivating;theysharethecommonalityofconsistingoffourmainstepswhichare:钝化操作有很多种,但它们有共同的主要步骤:1)Wash(SolventDegreasing)洗(去油溶剂)2)WaterRinse水冲洗3)AcidWash(PassivationStep)酸洗(钝化步骤)4)FinalWaterRinse最终的水洗Properpreparationofthemetalsurfacetoobtainauniformnon-defectivepassivefilmmandatesmetalsurfacebecompletelycleanandvoidofanyorganicorinorganicsoils,freeironmetalliccontaminant,orcorrosiveproducts.为了形成均一的、无缺陷的钝化膜就要对材料表面进行预处理,这就要求材料表面应是完全的清洁,并且没有任何有机或无机污物、自由金属离子污染物,或腐蚀产物。TheFirstStep(Degreasing)oftheprocedureisdesignedtoremovedirt,dust,oilandgrease.Awater-solubledetergentisusedtoaccomplishthis,orasolvent.第一步(去油):去除污垢、灰尘、油和脂。使用水溶性去污剂或溶剂来完成该步骤。TheSecondStep(WaterRinse)isrequiredtoremovedissolvedandfreedsoilsandthedetergentitselffromthemetalbeingcleaned.第二步(水冲洗):去除溶解的和游离的污物,以及清洁剂本身。TheThirdStep(AcidWash)istoremovefreeiron,metallicresidues,oxides,andothercorrosionproductsfromthesurfaceofthemetal.Byremovingthesesoilsfromthemetalsurfaceandprovidinganoxidizingatmosphere,thepassivefilmisallowedtoformandthepassivationisaccomplished.Inorganicacidsaretypicallyusedinthisstepoftheprocedure.第三步(酸洗):去除金属表面的自由离子、金属残渣、氧化物和其他腐蚀产物。将金属表面的这些污物去除并提供氧化的环境后,就形成了钝化膜并实现了钝化作用。该步骤通常使用无机酸。TheFourthStep(FinalWaterRinse)-Theacidicsolutionisflushedandthesystemisrinseduntilthequalityoftheeffluentisequaltothatoftheinfluent.第四步(最终水洗)将酸性溶液冲洗掉,并不断