第二节肾小管与集合管的重吸收Reabsorptionintherenaltubuleandcollectingduct中山大学基础医学院生理学教研室王庭槐•超滤液量(ultrafiltratevolume)180L/日尿量(urinevolume)1.5L/日提示99%被重吸收1%排出体外•某物质终尿浓度u/血浆浓度P反映物质被重吸收或分泌的情况•因为水的重吸收量达99%,流量缩小了100倍,•所以u/p=100的物质既不被重吸收又不被分泌和排泄•u/p100尿素(aquacare)、钠(sodium)等被不同程度地重吸收•u/p100如肌酐(creatinine)等,提示肾小管还有分泌和排泄功能重吸收部位:•近球小管(proximaltubule)14mm,刷状缘(brushborder)增大重吸收面积•髓袢(Henle'sloop)2~10mm•远球小管(distaltubule)13.6mm•集合管(collectingduct)20mm一、重吸收的方式1.被动重吸收(passivetransport):指小管液中的水和溶质依借电化学差通过肾小管上皮细胞进入细胞外液的过程。Waterandsolutesaretransportedacrossthetubularepithelialcellsintotheextracellularfluidthatismediatedbyelectronicandchemicalforces.•水──借渗透压(osmoticforces)之差被动重吸收,渗透压差是其动力。•溶质──浓度差(differenceofconcentration)和电位差(differenceofpotential)(电化学差)是其被动重吸收的动力。浓度差电位差Na+Na+主动Na+Na+H2OCl-Cl_尿素尿素被动扩散特点:顺电化学差进行,不需耗能2.主动重吸收(activetransport):指肾小管上皮细胞逆电化学差,将小管内溶质主动转运到小管外组织间液的过程。Activetransportcanmoveasoluteagainstanelectrochemicalgradientandrequiresenergyderivedfrommetabolism.•逆浓度差•逆电位差•髓袢升支粗段(thicksegmentofascendinglimb)继发性主动转运(secondaryactivetransport)•特点:逆电化学差耗能Characteristics:againstanelectrochemicalgradientandrequiresenergy)葡萄糖(glucose)、氨基酸(aminoacid)、Na+等主动重吸收二、几种物质的重吸收1.Na+的重吸收:•方式──主动重吸收(activetransport)原尿(glomerularfiltrate)Na+500g/日,终尿(urine)Na+3~5g/日99%回收•地点和吸收比例:近球小管:占滤过量65~70%远曲小管:10%髓袢:20%集合管:耗O21克,重吸收Na+20~30克─主动转运各段小管重吸收Na+的机制近球小管Proximaltubule•近球小管前半段:Na+与GS、氨基酸同向转运(symport)主动重吸收(activetransport)Na+与H+逆向转运(antiport)•近球小管后半段:Na+、Cl-——细胞旁路被动重吸收(paracellularpathway)。近球小管——泵漏模式(pump-leakmodel)A首先小管腔Na+顺浓度差扩散入小管细胞内Thereisaconcentrationgradientfavoringsodiumdiffusionintothecell.B细胞侧膜的钠泵将其泵入细胞间隙Thecellhassodiumpumptotransportsodiumoutofthecellintotheinterstitium.C水因渗透压被吸引到间隙,造成间隙内静水压升高Watermovestotheinterstitiumbyosmosis,anditleadstoahighlevelofhydrostaticpressureininterstitium.D静水压升高引起Na+和水通过基膜进入细胞间液和相邻毛细血管,并有回漏现象.Sodiumandwaterarereabsorbedfromtheinterstitialfluidintotheperitubularcapillariesbyhydrostaticpressure,meanwhile,therealsoexitsleakagefrominterstitialfluidtotubule.E在Na+被重吸收时,尚有相当量的负离子(HCO3-或Cl-)顺Na+被重吸收时造成的电位差而被重吸收。Manynegativeionsarereabsorbedbydifferenceofpotentialinducedbytheprocessofsodiumreabsorption.•远曲小管:Na+重吸收量少A紧密连接(tightjunctions)对Na+通透性低,回漏量少B管内外浓度差大,电位差大20mfT/L:140mfT/L管内-10~45mVC管腔膜(luminalmembrane)和管周膜(basolateralmembrane)分布有Na+泵(sodiumpump),可将Na+泵到细胞外液和毛细血管内D伴有负离子重吸收和Na+-H+、Na+-K+交换•③髓袢(Henle‘sloop):主动转运与Cl-{继发性主动转运(secondaryactivetransport)}升支粗段被动转运相结合。•④集合管(connectingtubule):主动转运,Na+重吸收造成管内-35mV。机制未明2.Cl-的重吸收:•大部分是伴随Na+的主动重吸收而被动重吸收。•Whensodiumisreabsorbedthroughthetubularepithelialcell,negativeionssuchaschloridearetransportedpassivelyalongwithsodium.•各段小管重吸收Cl-的机制:①近球小管(proximaltubule):管内负电位是Na+依赖性•ANa+的主动重吸收形成小管内外电位差,管内-4mVSodiumispositivelyreabsorbedfromthetubule.Thiscreatesadifferenceofpotential.•B负离子HCO3-、Cl-顺电位差被动重吸收NegativeionssuchasHCO3-、Cl-arepassivelyreabsorbedbydifferenceofpotential.•CHCO3-比Cl-优先重吸收,加上渗透压差导致水的重吸收小管液中Cl-浓度PreferentialreabsorptionofHCO3-andthereabsorptionofwaterbyosmosispressureleadtoahighconcentrationofchlorideintubule.•DCl-的管内外浓度差又造成Cl-被动重吸收Cl-isreabsorbedpassivelybythedifferenceofconcentration.•②髓袢升支粗段,管腔内正电位(+2~+10mV)•正电位依赖Cl-、K+存在。•Na+、Cl-、K+由同一载体协同转运。Movementofsodiumacrosstheluminalmembraneismediatedprimarilybya1-sodium,2-chloride,1-potassiumcotransporter.•用哇巴因(-)钠泵,转运受阻,提示Na+泵参与此过程,机制可能如下:Thetransportisblockedbyusingouabainwhichblockstheactivityofsodiumpump.•A升支粗段上皮细胞管周膜的Na+泵将Na+由胞内泵向组织间液Sodiumistransportedfromtheepithelialcellintointerstitialfluidbytheactivityofsodiumpumpintheepithelialcellbasolateralmembranes.•BNa+被泵出后,细胞内Na+,出现管腔内与细胞内Na+浓度差Sodiumpumpmaintainsalowintracellularsodiumconcentration.•C管腔内Na+顺此浓度差扩散到细胞内,但须与Cl-、K+由同一载体协同转运。Na+:2Cl-:K+Thelowintracellularsodiumconcentrationinturnprovidesafavorablegradientformovementofsodiumfromthetubularfluidintothecell.Inthethickascendingloop,movementofsodiumacrosstheluminalmembraneismediatedbya1-sodium,2-chloride,1-potassiumcotransporter.•D进入细胞后,Na+经Na+泵泵到组织间液Na+istransportedtointerstitialfluidbysodiumpump.Cl-顺浓度差经管周膜扩散到组织间液Cl-diffusesintointerstitialfluidthroughbasolateralmembrane.K+由于浓度差经管腔膜返回管腔内K+returnstotubulethroughbasolateralmembranebydifferenceofconcentration.•E由于Cl-进入组织间液多,K+返回管腔内液多,造成管腔内正电位•特点:Na+主动转运(activetransport),Cl-继发性主动转运(secondaryactivetransport)速尿(furosedon)、利尿酸(-)(crinuryl)3.水的重吸收:•99%重吸收,1%排出体外•水的重吸收:①在近球小管重吸收,伴溶质而重吸收,与体内是否缺水无关Inproximaltubule,thereabsorptionofwaterisaccompaniedwiththereabsorptionofsolutes.②在远曲小管和集合管吸收,吸收量受调节,体内缺少水时重吸收多,体内不缺水时重吸收少。Indistaltubuleandcollectingductwaterreabsorptionisregulatedbytheconditionofbody.近球小管65~70%水在各段小管髓袢10%重吸收比例远曲小管10%集合管10~20%•近球小管管壁对水通透性高,高远曲小管3~4倍,是一种等渗重吸收。Inproximaltubule,theprocessofwaterreabsorptionisisosmoticbecausethepermeabilityoftubuletowaterishigh.•髓袢、远曲小管集合管对水的重吸收机制,见尿液浓缩与稀释。4.HCO3-的重吸收•特点:肾小管重吸收HCO3-是以CO2的形式而非直接以HCO3-的形式进行,回到血中的HCO3-是由细胞产生,并非小管液中的HCO3-。HCO3-isreabsorbedasagasform.•HCO3-比Cl-优先重吸收,是因为CO2能迅速透过管腔膜。5.K+的重吸收:•滤过液35克/日,终尿2~4克/日•主细胞重吸收Na+和水,分泌K+。闰细胞则主要分泌H+。Theprincipalcellsreabsorbsodiumandwaterandsecretepotassium;theintercalatedcellssec