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第五讲定语从句---难点突破重难点、考点1.关系代词that和which的用法区别2.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句3.关系代词as和which引导非限制定从的区别4.关系副词where表“抽象地点”的用法5.定语从句中的主谓一致6.先行词为theway的定从7.定从与强调句的组合关系代词that和which的用法区别难点一一、先行词是物，关系代词that/which一般可通用，但下列情况下只用that：1.先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。如：Thisisthebestthathasbeenusedagainstpollution.2.先行词是序数词，或它前面有序数词修饰时。如：ItisthefirstAmericanmovieofthiskindthatI’veeverseen.3.先行词是all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none等代词时。如：Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.4.先行词前面有theonly,thevery,any,few,little,no,all,much,every等修饰时。如：Theonlythingthatwecandoistogiveyousomemoney.5.先行词既有人又有物时。如：Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?6.主句的主语是疑问词which时。如：Whichisthebikethatyoulost?7.如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词宜用that。如：Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.8.当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中作表语时。如：Myhomevillageisnolongertheplacethatitusedtobe.二、当先行词指物或前面整句话时，定从关系代词必须用which的情况：1.在非限制定语从句中Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheothers,which,ofcourse,madetheothersenvyhim.2.当动词短语中的介词提前时ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.★StephenHawkingbelievesthattheearthisunlikelytobetheonlyplanet_______lifehasdevelopedgradually.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.whoseC【解析】考查定语从句。先行词是planet，虽然被theonly修饰，但是其在定从中充当地点状语，故选where引导定从，而不是that。介词+关系代词引导的定从难点二Fillintheblankswith“prep.+which/whom”:1.Areyouinterestedinanysongs_________you’velistened.2.Tomorrowisaparticularday_________hisdaughterwillgetmarried.3.Thisistheknife_________Iusuallycutbread.4.Wecan’tlivewithoutthesun_________wegetheatandlight.5.Thesubject_________Ericisinterestedisphysics.towhichonwhichwithwhichfromwhichinwhich6.Doyouknowthegirl_________ourheadteacherisshakinghands?7.Ican’tfindmydictionary_________Ipaidover$100.8.Thisisthegoodcar_________Ispentallmymoney.9.Sheistheteacher_____________allhisstudentsshowrespect.10.Theteacher_________youhavebeenwaitingiscominginaminute.withwhomforwhichonwhichto/forwhomforwhomSummary1.“介词+关系代词”引导的定从中，关系代词常常是which或whom。（先行词指物，用介词+which;先行词指人，用介词+whom。）2.介词的选用取决于定语从句谓语动词与先行词的搭配。3.当介词+which在定从中充当时间、地点、原因状语时，相当于关系副词when、where、why。1.Sheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseum,theconstruction_____hadtakenmorethanthreeyears.A.forwhichB.withwhichC.ofwhichD.towhich2.Hewasthenadmittedtoakeyuniversity,________hegraduatedwithhonors.A．ofwhichB．onwhichC．aboutwhichD．fromwhichCD3.Thegentleman________youtalkedtomeyesterdayprovedtobeathief.A.aboutwhichB.withwhomC.aboutwhomD.withwhich4.Thefreezingpointisthetemperature_______waterchangesintoice.A.atwhichB.onwhichC.inwhichD.ofwhichCA5.Thechildren,________hadplayedthewholedaylong,werewornout.A.allofwhatB.allofwhichC.allofthemD.allofwhomD6.Johninvitedabout40peopletohiswedding,_____arefamilymembers.A.mostofwhomB.mostofwhichC.mostofthatD.mostofthemA复合短语+关系代词7.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashing10windows,_________hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.A.mostofthatB.mostofthemC.mostofwhichD.mostofthose8.Helivedinabighouse,______stoodabigtree.A.infrontofitB.infrontofwhichC.infrontofthisD.infrontofthatCBShehastwoskirts,bothof______wereboughtlastsummer.Shehastwoskirts.Bothof______wereboughtlastsummer.Hehasmanychildren,andsomeof_____areworkers.Hehasmanychildren,someof_______areworkers.Hehasmanychildren;someof_______areworkers.whichthemwhomthemthem1.2.关系代词as和which引导非限制定从的区别难点三1.位置不同：which引导的非限制性定从只置于主句之后；as引导的非限制性定从，可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中。如：（1）Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.（2）Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman.Jackisanhonestman,asyouknow.Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.2.先行词不同：as引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；which引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。3.意义不同：which仅是指代，无实际意义；而as一般译为“正如”，常见结构：asweallknow,asisexpected,asisknowntoall,asismentionedabove,asisreportedinthenewspaper,asisoftenthecase,etc.小试牛刀1.Alotoflanguagelearning,____hasbeendiscovered,ishappeninginthefirstyearoflife,soparentsshouldtalkmuchtotheirchildrenduringthatperiod.A.asB.itC.whichD.thisA【解析】as引导非限制定从，指代主句：Alotoflanguagelearningishappeninginthefirstyearoflife.意为“正如被发现的那样”。which可以指代一句话，但是无实际意义。2.Jimpassedthedrivingtest,_____surprisedeverybodyintheoffice.A.asB.whichC.itD.that【解析】which引导非限制定从，指代主句：Jimpassedthedrivingtest,无实际意义。若选C、D项，正确句子应为：Jimpassedthedrivingtest,andit/thatsurprisedeverybodyintheoffice.B3.Manyanimalssleepalotwhenyoung,butsleepmuchlesswhentheygetolder,just______isthecasewithhumanbeing.A.asB.whichC.whatD.itA【解析】as引导非限制定从，指代前面整个主句,“asisthecasewithhumanbeing”意为：正如人类那样。which引导非限制定从，无实际意义。4.______isknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.A.WhichB.ItC.WhatD.AsD【解析】as引导非限制定从,句意：众所周知，月球每月绕地球转一次。which引导的非限制定从不能置于句首。B、C项的正确句子为：Itisknowntoallthatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.Whatisknowntoallisthatthemoontravelsroundtheeartheverymonth.关系副词where表“抽象地点”的用法难点四高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为“明显的地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。事实上，对于where这个词，考生不能只理解为表地点，当先行词表示某人/物的situation,或某事所发展的stage,或表达某事的某个方面时都可用where。1.Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoseparatewitheachother.2.Salesdirectionisapositionwherecommunicationabilityisjustasimportantassalesskills.3.It’shelpfultoputchildreninasituationwheretheycanseethemselvesdifferently.小试牛刀1.Thejobinterviewisachallenge______theabilityandtalent