精品课程《英语语言学》.

ChapterEightLanguageinUse外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》Outline8.1Introduction8.2Speechacttheory8.3Principlesofconversationandfloutingoftheconversationmaxims8.4Task外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》8.1.1Definitions:Pragmaticsisthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Itstudiesthefollowingtopics:deixis(指示功能),speechacts,indirectlanguage,conversation,politeness,cross-culturalcommunication,andpresupposition.(Dai&He,2002,p.84)Pragmaticsisthestudyofspeakermeaning,contextualmeaning,howmoregetscommunicatedthanissaid,theexpressionofrelativedistance.(Yule,2000,p.3)8.1Introduction外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》SemanticsContextconsideredContextunconsideredPragmaticsTraditionalsemantics8.1.2Theorigin外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》SpeakerASpeakerBKnowledgeoflanguageWhathasbeensaidbeforeKnowledgeabouttheworldKnowledgeaboutthesituationKnowledgeabouteachother8.1.3Context外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》Example:AsuggestionTodayisSunday.DemandRequest…(He,1988,pp.3-4)外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》8.1.4SentenceandutteranceTherelation:Meaningofasentenceisabstractanddecontextualizedwhilemeaningofanutteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.Themeaningofanutteranceisbasedonasentencemeaningandtherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication.Example:Mybagisheavy.(utterancemeaning:astatement,indirectorpoliterequest,decliningsomeone’srequestforhelp)外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》8.2Speechacttheory8.2.1Austin’smodelofspeechactsSpeechacttheory:aphilosophicalexplanationofthenatureoflinguisticcommunication.Itaimstoanswerthisquestion:“Whatdowedowhenusinglanguage?”外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》Austin’sthreespeechacts:Traditionalphilosopher’sview:truevalue,stateafactordescribeastateofaffairsAustin’s“constatives”(述事话语)and“performatives”(行事话语)(Austin’sclassicalexamples:assuringmarriage,naming,bequeathingandbetting)Threespeechacts:locutionary,illocutionaryandperlocutionary(Example:Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen.Seerelatedpartonpage89.)外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》Definitionsofthethreespeechacts:Locutionaryact:actofutteringwords,phrases,clausesIllocutionaryact:theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintentionPerlocutionaryact:theactperformedbyorresultingfrosayingsomething,theconsequenceoftheutterance外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》8.2.2Searle’sclassificationofspeechactsRepresentatives:statingordescribing,sayingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue.Thespeakerismakingastatementorgivingadescriptionwhichhehimselfbelievestobetrue.Stating,believing,swearing,hypothesizingarethetypicalrepresentatives.(Iswear)Ihaveneverseenthemanbefore.(Istate)Theearthisaglobe.外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》Directives:Tryingtogethearertodosomething.Inviting,suggesting,requesting,advising,warning,threatening,orderingarethetypicalones.Openthewindow!You’dbettergototheclinic.Yourmoneyoryourlife!Wouldyouliketogotothepicnicwithus?外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》Commissives:Committingthespeakerhimselftothefuturecourseofaction.Promising,undertaking,vowingarethemosttypicalcases.Ipromisetocome.Iwillbringyouthebooktomorrowwithoutfail.外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》Expressives:Expressingfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.Typicalones:apologizing,thanking,congratulating.I’msorryforthemessIhavemade.It’sreallykindofyoutohavethoughtofme.外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》Declarations:bringingaboutimmediatechangesbysayingsomething.TheyarelikeAustin’sclassicalexamples.Moreexamples:Inowdeclarethemeetingopen.Iappointyouchairmanofthecommittee.Ifireyou!外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurposebutdifferintheirstrengthorforce.①Closethedoor.②Willyouclosethedoor!③Canyouclosethedoor!④Doyoumindclosingthedoor?⑤Iwouldbeverygratefulifyoucouldclosethedoor!⑥Thedoorisopen!⑦Thedoorplease!外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》8.3PrinciplesofconversationandfloutingoftheconversationmaximsThemaximofquantityMakeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired.Nomoreandnoless.ThemaximofqualityDonotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalseanddonotsaywhatyoulackevidencefor.ThemaximofrelationBerelevantThemaximofmannerAvoidobscurity,ambiguity.Bebriefandorderly.外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》Floutingoftheconversationmaximandrevealingconversationimplicature.①A:WhenisSusan’sfarewellparty?B:Sometimenextmonth.—(floutingthemaximofquantity)②A:WouldyouliketojoinusforthepicniconSunday?B:I’mafraidIhavegotaclassonSunday.—(floutingthemaximofquality)③A:Howdidthemathexamgotoday,Jonnie?B:Wehadabasketballmatchwiththeotherclassandwebeatthem.—(floutingthemaximofrelation)④A:Shallwegetsomethingforthekids?B:Yes.ButIvetoI-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.—(floutingthemaximofmanner)外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》8.4TaskDothefollowingaswrittenexercise:1.AccordingtoAustin,whatarethethreeactsapersonispossiblyperformingwhilemakinganutterance.Giveanexample.外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》