大学语法之时态及被动语态剖析

1.Who’sknockingatthedoor?---It’sme.2.Heateallhisfood.3.Wehaveknowneachotherformanyyears.4.He’llbehimselfagaininnotime.5.Sheisthegirlwhosepaintingwonthefirstprize.6.Whatevershedidwasright.1.Interrogativepronoun;personalpronoun2.Personalpronoun;indefinitepronoun;possessivepronoun3.Personalpronoun;reciprocalpronoun4.Personalpronoun;reflexivepronoun5.Personalpronoun;relativepronoun6.Conjunctivepronoun;personalpronounEnglishGrammar(第三讲时态和被动语态）Unit3TenseandPassiveVoice时态（Tense)一般现在时thepresentindefinitetense现在进行时thepresentcontinuoustense一般将来时thefutureindefinitetense一般过去时thepastindefinitetense现在完成时thepresentperfecttense过去进行时thepastcontinuoustense过去完成时thepastperfecttense过去将来时thepastfutureindefinitetense一、一般现在时的注意事项一般现在时除表示一种经常性或习惯性的动作，以及表示客观事物和普遍真理外，表示存在、从属关系、静止状态的词和表示感觉、认识、感情的动词也常用该时态，如：appear,belong,consist,contain,deserve,owe,possess,imagine,mind,remember,suppose,dislike,hate,desire,forget,recall,matter,care,want等等。Iforgetwhenhepromisedtocome.IhearthatyouwenttoLondonlastweek.现在进行式有时可以用来表示一种经常性的动作或状态。尤其和副词always,constantly,continually,forever,perpetually等词连用，表示所有的时间或任何时间里一个习惯性的不断重复的动作，这时往往带有厌恶、不满、责备、反对、惊奇、赞许等感情色彩。--Heisalwaysdoubtingmyword.--Heisforeveraskingsillyquestions.二、现在进行时的注意事项三、一般将来时的注意事项1在你与他共同工作之时，你会从他那里学到很多东西。--Youwilllearnalotfromhimwhileyouareworking(work)withhim.2树叶落完时，乡村的景色就大不相同了。--Thecountrywilllookquitedifferentwhentheleaveshavefallen.在时间状语从句与条件状语从句中的将来时态的表示方法要特别注意。四、一般过去时的注意事项一般过去时主要表示过去某一时刻的动作或状态，但是在表示过去某一时间内经常的反复再现的习惯动作，常和一定的时间状语或频度状语连用，或使用would+动词原形，或者是usedto+动词原形的形式。Whenwelivedinthecountry,wewenttotownveryoften.Peopleusedtoburncandlesinordertogetlight.Shewouldsitthereforhourssayingnothing.Careydidn’tgotothepartylastnightbecauseshe______thebabyforhersisteruntil9:30.A.musthavelookedafterB.wouldhavetolookedafterC.hadtolookafterD.shouldhavelookedafterC五、现在完成式的注意事项---Myelderbrotherhasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears.(Heisstillthere.)---Myelderbrotherwasinthearmyforthreeyears.(Heisn’ttherenow.)---Theoldmanhaslivedthroughfourgreatsocialrevolutions.这位老人已经历了4次大的社会革命。（老人仍活在世上。）---Theoldmanlivedthroughfourgreatsocialrevolutions.这位老人一生中经历了4次大的社会革命。（老人现在不在人世了。）要区分现在完成时和一般过去时的用法。Thechangesthattook(A)placeinairtravelduring(B)thelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemed(C)completelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsat(D)theturnofthe19thcentury.A,took改为havetaken六、过去完成时的注意事项过去完成时指“过去的过去”，强调一个动作先于另一个动作。两个动作的先后对比，一般要有上下文交代，或是有确定的过去时间状语，或是用在某些宾语从句里。如：Bythetimewegotthere,theplayhadalreadybegun.Ididn’trealizethatthetimehadpassedsoquickly.Between1897and1919,atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayed_______.A.hadproducedB.havebeenproducedC.wouldhaveproducedD.hadbeenproducedD注1：在scarcely…when,hardly…when…,和nosooner…than…句型中，主句动词一般用过去完成时，从句用过去时。如果scarcely,hardly,nosooner放句首，则主句要用倒装语序。---飞机一起飞我们才到达。---铃响时，我才写完练习。Wehadnosoonerarrivedattheairportthantheplanetookoff.HardlyhadIfinishedmyexerciseswhenthebellrang.We______ourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.A.justhavehadB.havejusthadC.justhadD.hadjusthadD注2：hope,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose,want一类动词，用于过去完成时可以表示未曾实现的希望、预期、意图、打算或愿望。如：1.我们原本希望小李改变主意。WehadhopedthatXiaoLiwouldchangehermind.2.他们本想参加我们的游戏，可是来不及赶到这里。Theyhadwantedtojoinusinthegamebutcouldn’tgethereintime.七、将来完成时的注意事项动词的将来完成时表示在将来某个日期或某个动作发生之前，而另一个动作将来要结束或完成,形式为“will/shall+have+动词的过去分词”结构。BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,we_____inEuropefortwoweeks.A.shallstayB.willhavestayedC.havestayedD.havebeenstayingB八、bythetime句型Bythetime现在时间概念现在完成式过去时间概念过去完成式将来时间概念一般将来完成式--Bynow,IhavelearntEnglishforfiveyears.--Bytheendoflastterm,wehadlearnttenlessons.--Bethetimeoftheyearof2009,we’llhavefinishedourtask.1.BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,we______inEuropefortwoweeks.A.shallstayB.havestayedC.willhavestayedD.Havebeenstaying2.Bytheyear2012,scientistsprobably______acureforcancer.A.willbediscoveringB.arediscoveringC.willhavediscoveredD.havediscoveredCC1.Inthisexperiment,theyarewakenedseveraltimesduringthenight,andaskedtoreportwhatthey_______.A.hadjustbeendreamingB.arejustdreamingC.havejustbeendreamingD.hadjustdreamtC(现在完成进行时）2.Thecompany______ariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappenedyet.A.ispromisedB.ispromisingC.hasbeenpromisedD.hasbeenpromisingD3.TheschoolboardlistenedquietlyasJohnreadthedemandsthathisfollowers______for.A.bedemonstratingforB.hadbeendemonstratingC.demonstrateD.havedemonstratedB被动语态（passivevoice)一.被动语态的用法当动词的执行者不必说出，不易说出或无从说出时常用此语态；当动作的承受者是谈话的中心，是突出、强调和特别注重的对象时常用此语态；当处于谦虚、礼貌、措辞圆通或简练等方面的考虑，常用此语态；He______whenthebuscametoasuddenstop.A.wasalmosthurtB.wastohurthimselfC.washurthimselfD.washurtinghimselfABetween1897and1919,atleast29motionpictures______inwhichartificialbeingswereportrayed.A.hadproducedB.havebeenproducedC.wouldhaveproducedD.hadbeenproducedD二、主动语态不能变成被动语态的情况---Iborrowedthebook.（主）---Thebookwasborrowedbyme.（被）---Chinapossessesrichmineraldeposits.（正）---RichmineraldepositswerepossessedbyChina.(误）1.某些表示所有，状态的动词不能变成被动语态，因为主语不是动作的执行者，宾语也不是动作的承受者。常见这类动词有become,contain,cost,fail,fit,get,have,hold,lack,last,own,possess,suit,weigh等。这颗钻石重270克拉。---270caratswereweighedbythisdiamond.(误）---Thisdiamondweighs270carats.(正