(Period 1) General introduction to Greek culture

ANINTRODUCTIONTOWESTERNCULTURE2013-2014-1WESTERNCULTURE：ANINTRODUCTION•ThisisanintroductorycourseinEuropeancivilizationwithspecialfocusesonmajordevelopmentsinhistory,philosophy,society,cultureandpoliticalsystemsuptotheEnlightenmentMovement.Thegoalistoprovideabasicunderstandingofthefoundationofmodernwesternculture.Theclasswillbeconductedintheformoflectures,discussions,andstudents'presentations.SupplementaryReadings:Starr,ChesterG..AHistoryoftheAncientWorld,3rdedition.NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1983.Homer.Iliad,Odyssey(anyedition)Plato.TheRepublic(Anyedition)Hoyt,RobertS.EuropeintheMiddleAges.NewYork:HarcourtBraceJovanovich,Publishers:1985.Jensen,DeLamar.RenaissanceEurope:AgeofRecoveryandReconciliation,2ndedition.Lexington:D.C.HeathandCompany,1992.Jensen,DeLamar.ReformationEurope:AgeofreformandRevolution,2ndedition.Lexington:D.C.HeathandCompany,1992.CourseRequirements1.Completethereadingassignmentbeforeeachclass,participateinclassdiscussion,andhandintheresearchpapers.(30%)2.Haveafinaltermpaper.(70%)ANINTRODUCTIONTOWESTERNCULTURECultureinAncientGreeceLecture1CultureinAncientGreeceTheterm“AncientGreece”Geographically,itindicatestheheartlandofGreekcommunitiesonthenorthcoastandnearbyislandsoftheMediterraneanSea.Culturally,itreferstothewaysancientGreeksspoke,worshiped,understoodthenatureofthephysicalworld,organizedtheirgovernments,madetheirlivings,entertainedthemselves,andrelatedtootherswhowerenotGreek.Contents●I.BriefIntroductiontoGreece●II.DivisionsofAncientGreece●III.TheLastingEffectI.BriefIntroductiontoGreece●1.GeographyofGreece●2.TheCradleofWesternCivilization1.GeographyofGreeceasmallcountryinEuropeneartheMediterraneanSeathemainpartisonapeninsulaTherestismadeupofislands.●ThemountainouslandalsomeantthatitwasdifficulttoinvadeGreeklands.●TheBalkanMountainsinthenorthandtheMediterraneanSeaformbarriersthatmadeitdifficultforoutsidertoattack.2.TheCradleofWesternCivilization●ThecivilizationofancientGreecefloweredmorethan2500yearsagobutitinfluencesthewaywelivetoday.©2004Mrs.JoanCrickTheLegaciesofAncientGreecearchitecturephilosophyOlympicsepicsGreekmythologytragedycomedytrialbyjurydemocracyscientificmethodSocraticMethodtheaterclassificationmarathonHippocraticOath●TheGreeksvaluedbeautyandimagination.●Theywrotemanystoriesandplaysthatcontinuetobeperformedtoday.●ThepeopleofancientGreececouldnotfarmmostoftheirmountainous,rockyland,sotheybecameexcellentsailorswhotraveledtodistantlands.●TheGreekslearnedthealphabetfromthePhoenicians,aseafaringpeoplefrommoderndaySyriaandLebanon.OlympicGames●FestivalheldinOlympiatohonorZeus●Everyfouryears-began776B.C.●Onlymen:womencouldn’twatch●Olympianssworenottocheat●Calledatrucefromwar●Wonanolivewreath●Winnerswereheroes©2004Mrs.JoanCrickOlympicGamesFootracesPancratiumBoxingWarrior’sRaceWrestlingPentathlonJavelinDiscusMessengers&TrumpetersII.DivisionsofAncientGreece●1PrehistoricandBronzeAgecivilization(史前与青铜时代文明)●2GreekDarkAges（希腊黑暗时代）●3Archaicperiod（古风时期，或译为古朴时期）●4ClassicalGreece（古典希腊）●5HellenisticGreece（希腊化时代）1.PrehistoricandBronzeAgecivilization●1)NeolithicPeriod(6000-2900BC)●neolithic[.ni:ə‘liθik],新石器时代●2)EarlyBronze(2900-2000BC)3)MinoanAge●克里特文明(2000-1400BC)●Minoan[mi'nəuən]●BronzeAgecivilization●centeringontheislandofCrete●namedafterthelegendarykingMinos.TheMinotaur●[‘mainətɔ],米诺陶●acreaturewiththeheadofabullonthebodyofaman●inGreekmythology●“partmanandpartbull”●describedbyRomanpoetOvid●HedweltatthecenteroftheCretanLabyrinth,([‘læbərinθ],迷宫)●anelaborateconstruction●builtforKingMinosofCrete●designedbythearchitectDaedalus&hissonIcarus---------------------------------------------------------------------------●Daedalus[‘di:dələs],代达鲁斯●Icarus[‘aikərəs],伊卡鲁斯●TheMinotaurwaseventuallykilledbytheAthenianheroTheseus(忒修斯,['θi:sju:s]).4)MycenaeanAge●迈锡尼时代(1600-1100BC)●periodofhighculturalachievement●formingthebackdropandbasisforsubsequentmythsoftheheroes●namedforthekingdomofMycenae2.TheDarkAges(1100-750BC)●TheperiodbetweenthefalloftheMycenaeancivilizationsandthereadoptionofwritinginthe8thor7thcenturyBC.●AftertheTrojanWarstheMycenaeanswasweakandatribecalledtheDorianstookover.●TheDorians,多利安人●oneofthethreemaingroupsofpeopleofancientGreece●theothersbeingtheAeolians(伊奥利亚人)andtheIonians([ai‘əuniən]爱奥尼亚人),whoinvadedfromthenorthinthe12thand11thcenturiesBC.3.ArchaicPeriod(750-500BC)●Theageisdefinedthroughthedevelopmentofartatthistime,specificallythroughthestyleofpotteryandsculpture,showingthespecificcharacteristicsthatwouldlaterbedevelopedintothemorenaturalisticstyleoftheClassicalperiod.4.ClassicalPeriod(500-336BC)●between●about500B.C.,whentheGreeksbegantocomeintoconflictwiththekingdomofPersiatotheeast●and●thedeathoftheMacedoniankingandconquerorAlexandertheGreatin323B.C.TheClassicalAgeDuringthisperiod,ancientGreeksreachedtheirhighestprosperityandproducedamazingculturalaccomplishments.Unlikemostotherpeoplesofthetime,GreeksoftheClassicalAgeusuallywerenotruledbykings.Greekcommunitiestreasuredthefreedomtogovernthemselves.Theyhighlightedtheidealofdemocracyandtheimportanceoftheindividual.III.Thelastingeffect•