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LessonPlan•Review•NewWordsandPhrases•ReadingandTranslating—UnitOne•ClassroomExercisesReviewReinforcedConcreteandMasonryStructureTheoreticalMechanicsMechanicsofMaterialsStructuralMechanicsCivilEngineeringweldingofsteelstructuremulti-storybuildingdriveapiletotalsettlementrelativesettlementrebar(reinforcingbar)stressandstrainyieldstrengthultimatestrengthUnitOneCivilEngineeringandtheCivilEngineer单元1土木工程和土木工程师Engineeringisthepracticalapplicationofthefindingsoftheoreticalsciencesothattheycanbeputtoworkforthebenefitofmankind.Engineeringisoneoftheoldestoccupationsinthehistoryofmankind.Withouttheskillsincludedinthefieldofengineeringourpresent-daycivilizationcouldneverhaveevolved.Engineeringisthepracticalapplicationofthefindingsoftheoreticalsciencesothattheycanbeputtoworkforthebenefitofmankind.Engineeringisoneoftheoldestoccupationsinthehistoryofmankind.Withouttheskillsincludedinthefieldofengineeringourpresent-daycivilizationcouldneverhaveevolved.土木工程是科学理论的发现在实践中的应用，并由此造福人类。土木工程是人类历史上最古老的职业之一，没有工程上的进步就无法进入今天的文明。Civilengineeringisabranchofengineeringthatdealswiththedesignandconstructionofstructuresthatareintendedtobestationary,suchasbuildingsandhouses,tunnels,bridges,canals,highways,airports,portfacilities,androadbedsforrailroads.Civilengineeringisabranchofengineeringthatdealswiththedesignandconstructionofstructuresthatareintendedtobestationary,suchasbuildingsandhouses,tunnels,bridges,canals,highways,airports,portfacilities,androadbedsforrailroads.土木工程是工程学的一个分支，它主研究各种固定建筑物的设计和建造，包括建筑、房屋、隧道、桥梁、河道、公路、机场、港口设施以及铁路路基的设计和修建。Amongitssubdivisionsarestructuralengineering,dealingwithpermanentstructures;hydraulicengineering,dealingwiththeflowofwaterandotherfluids;andenvironment/sanitaryengineering,dealingwithwatersupply,waterpurification,andsewersystem,aswellasurbanplanninganddesign.Amongitssubdivisionsarestructuralengineering,dealingwithpermanentstructures;hydraulicengineering,dealingwiththeflowofwaterandotherfluids;andenvironment/sanitaryengineering,dealingwithwatersupply,waterpurification,andsewersystem,aswellasurbanplanninganddesign.它又可分为结构工程，主要研究永久性建筑；水利工程，主要研究水和其他流体的流动；环境/卫生工程，主要研究水的供应、净化和排水系统，以及城市规划与设计。Theterm“civilengineering”originallycameintousetodistinguishitfrommilitaryengineering.Civilengineeringdealtwithpermanentstructuresforcivilianuses,whereasmilitaryengineeringdealtwithtemporarystructuresformilitaryuses.Theterm“civilengineering”originallycameintousetodistinguishitfrommilitaryengineering.Civilengineeringdealtwithpermanentstructuresforcivilianuses,whereasmilitaryengineeringdealtwithtemporarystructuresformilitaryuses.使用“土木工程”这个词的目的是要将其与军事工程相区别。土木工程涉及民用的永久性建筑；而军事工程主要研究军用的临时性建筑。Civilengineeringoffersaparticularchallengebecausealmosteverystructureorsystemthatisdesignedandbuiltbycivilengineersisunique.Onestructurerarelyduplicatesanotherexactly.Civilengineeringoffersaparticularchallengebecausealmosteverystructureorsystemthatisdesignedandbuiltbycivilengineersisunique.Onestructurerarelyduplicatesanotherexactly.土木工程学科特别具有挑战性，这是由于工程师设计和建造的每一幢建筑物或每一个系统几乎都是独一无二的，一种结构几乎不可能与另一种结构完全相同。Evenwhenstructuresseemtobeidentical,siterequirementorotherfactorsgenerallyresultinmodification.Largestructureslikedams,bridges,ortunnelsmaydiffersubstantiallyfrompreviousstructures.Evenwhenstructuresseemtobeidentical,siterequirementorotherfactorsgenerallyresultinmodification.Largestructureslikedams,bridges,ortunnelsmaydiffersubstantiallyfrompreviousstructures.即便外表看上去相同的建筑物，由于场地要求或其他因素的改变通常会导致设计方案的不同。大型建筑物如堤坝、桥梁或隧道工程，可能与以前的结构有实质差异。Engineersmustbewillingtoundergoacontinualprocessofeducationandbeabletoworkinotherdisciplines.Theymustalsoadaptthemselvestotworequirementsofallengineeringprojects.Engineersmustbewillingtoundergoacontinualprocessofeducationandbeabletoworkinotherdisciplines.Theymustalsoadaptthemselvestotworequirementsofallengineeringprojects.工程师必须愿意接受继续教育并且能够在其他领域工作。他们必须具有工程技术所要求的两个必要条件。First,thesystemthatengineersproducemustbeworkablenotonlyfromatechnicalbutalsofromaneconomicpointofview.Thismeansthatengineersmustcooperatewithmanagementandgovernmentofficialswhoareverycost-conscious.First,thesystemthatengineersproducemustbeworkablenotonlyfromatechnicalbutalsofromaneconomicpointofview.Thismeansthatengineersmustcooperatewithmanagementandgovernmentofficialswhoareverycost-conscious.其一是工程师所提出的措施必须在技术和经济方面均可行，这意味着他们要与关注经济成本的管理人员和政府官员合作。Second,thepublicingeneralhasbecomemuchmoreawareofthesocialandenvironmentalconsequencesofengineeringproject,andofthehiddenordelayedhazardsinnewproducts,processes,andmanyotheraspectsofcivilengineeringsystem.Second,thepublicingeneralhasbecomemuchmoreawareofthesocialandenvironmentalconsequencesofengineeringproject,andofthehiddenordelayedhazardsinnewproducts,processes,andmanyotheraspectsofcivilengineeringsystem.其二，公众通常更关心工程产品对社会和环境产生的影响，以及新产品、建设过程本身和许多其他在土木工程系统中所隐含的或后显的危害性。Engineersarerequiredtohavesolidknowledgeofmathematics,physics,andchemistry.Mathematicsisveryimportantinallbranchesofengineering,soitisgreatlystressed.Engineersarerequiredtohavesolidknowledgeofmathematics,physics,andchemistry.Mathematicsisveryimportantinal