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1ChapterThreeCulturalValues/Patterns/OrientationsContents1.Perception,BeliefandValues2.CulturalPatterns3.Applicationoftheories1.Perception,BeliefandValues1.1Perception1.2Beliefs1.3Values2.CulturalPatterns1.1Whatisperception?•Perceptionisprimaryinthestudyofinterculturalcommunication,becauseourinformationaboutandknowledgeofourphysicalandsocialworldaremediated(传达)byperceptualprocesses.Ourperceptionsgivemeaningtoallthoseexternalforces:symbols,things,people,ideas,events,ideologiesandfaith.•“Perceptionistheprocessofselecting,organizing,andinterpretingsensorydatainawaythatenablesustomakesenseofourworld.”(GambleandGamble)(P56)Twowaysthatcultureinfluencestheperceptionprocess:1.Perceptionisselective.Whatisallowedinis,inpart,determinedbyculture.2.Yourperceptualpatternsarelearned.“perceptionisculturallydetermined.Welearntoseetheworldinacertainwaybasedonourculturalbackground.”[seeP57-58]1.1.Perception&cultures1.1.Perception&culturesPerceptionsarestoredwithineachhumanbeingintheformofbeliefs+values=culturalpatterns1.2.Beliefs1.Whatarebeliefs?Beliefsareourconvictionsinthetruthofsomething—withorwithoutproof..(p58)2.Howdidyouacquirethem?Beliefsareshapedbytheindividual’sculture.”3.Whatfunctiondotheyperform?•Beliefsareimportantbecausetheyareacceptedastruths.•Oneofthemostimportantfunctionsofbeliefsisthattheyformthebasisofyourvalues,1.2.Beliefs4.Beliefsareusuallyreflectedinyouractionsandcommunicationbehavior.Eg1)Agoodtan（棕褐色）isareflectionofahealthy,activelifestyleandmakesapersonmoreattractive.youwillprobably-----(findtimetolieoutinthesunorevengotoatanningsalon.)2)Suntannedskinreflectsalowsocialstatus,youwillprobably-----(makeanextraefforttoavoidexposingyourselftothesunbywearingahat,long-sleevedshirt,andperhapsgloves,andcarryinganumbrella,onsunnydays.)1.3Values1)AValueisanenduringbeliefthataspecificmodeofconductorend-stateofexistenceispersonallyorsociallypreferabletoanother.2)Valuesaresharedideasaboutwhatistrue,right,andbeautifulwhichunderlineculturalpatternsandguidesocietyinresponsetothephysicalandsocialenvironment.”(Nanda&Warms)3))Valuesarealearnedorganizationofrulesformakingchoicesandforresolvingconflicts.101.3Values4)Hofstede:Valuesare“abroadtendencytoprefercertainstatesofaffairsoverothers”.E.g.evilvs.good,dirtyvs.clean,dangerousvs.safe,decentvs.indecent,uglyvs.beautiful,unnaturalvs.natural,abnormalvs.normal,paradoxicalvs.logical,irrationalvs.rational,moralvs.immoral.1.3TheValueHierarchySecondaryValuesPrimaryValues•US•hospitalitytoguests•cleanliness•Alleviationofthepainandsufferingofothers•securingmaterialpossessions•Democracy•theprotectionofoneselfandclosefamilymemberTertiaryValues•121.3.Howtogetandwheretofindvalues?•Howtoget:1.fromone’sfamily2.fromschoolteachers;3.fromone’speers(friends,schoolmates,playmates;4.fromsocietyatlarge13•Wheretofind1.frompeople’sbehaviorpattern2.fromwhatpeoplesayaboutthemselves;3.frommyths,talesofheroesandrituals;4.fromfolktales,movies,proverbs,sayings,etc.•Individualism,•Equality,•Materialism,•Scienceandtechnology,•Progressandchange,•Workandleisure,•CompetitionUSDominantculturalpatterns(P62-65)2.CulturalPatterns2.1Definitions2.2Kluckhohn,KluckhohnandStrodtbeckValueOrientation2.3Hofstede’sValuesDimension3.ICStrategies2.4Hall’sContextOrientation2.1CulturalPatternsPerceptionsarestoredwithineachhumanbeingintheformofbeliefs+values=culturalpatterns.•Culturalpatterntaxonomiesareusedtoillustratethedominantbeliefsandvaluesofaculture.172.Howtoclassifydifferentculturepatterns?VariationsofValueStudiesKluckhohnandStrodtbeck’sValueOrientationHofstede’sDimensionsofCulturalVariabilityEdwardTHall’sContext-CultureTheoryHumanNatureMan-natureTimeActivitySocialRelationshipIndividualismVsCollectivismUncertaintyAvoidancePowerDistanceMasculinityVsFemininityHigh-ContextLow-Context2020/1/28182.2ModelbyKluckhohn(P74-79).5basicquestionsthatneedansweringattherootofanyculture:•1)Whatisthecharacterofhumannature?•2)Whatistherelationofmantonature?•3)Whatistheorientationtowardtime?(temporalfocus)•4)Whatisthemodeofhumanactivity?•5)Whatisthemodeofhumanrelationship?1)=Humannatureorientation人性取向2)=Man-natureorientation人与自然的关系取向3)=Timeorientation时间取向4)=Activityorientation行为取向5)=Socialorientation人际取向19oriantationBasicvaluesHumanNatureBasicallyEvilMixtureofGoodandEvilBasicallyGoodRelationshipofHumankindtoNatureMansubjugatedbyNatureManinHarmonywithNatureMantheMasterofNatureSenseofTimePastPresentFutureActivityBeing(whoyouareGrowing(self-development)Doing(whatyoudo)SocialRelationshipAuthoritarianGroup-OrientedIndividualistic2.2KluckhohnandStrodtbeck’sfivevalueorientations(P74)202.2.1.HumanNature•1).Humannatureisevilbutperfectible.WiththeinfluenceofChristianity,Westernersbelievethathumannatureisbasicallyevilduetotheiroriginalsin.However,theevilnaturecanbesavedthroughsalvation,ifonebelievesinJesusChristandcontinuesdoinggoodthings.21•2).Humannatureisamixtureofgoodandevil.•Asaresultoftheriseofhumanisminthewest,theabovebasicbeliefhaschangedtooneseeinghumansasamixtureofgoodandevil.Inotherwords,everyonehasthegoodsideandbadside.Therefore,thereisla