Getting Kids Physically Active：让孩子锻炼身体

1GettingKidsPhysicallyActiveAaronBeighle,Ph.D.2TheBeginningUniversityofSouthFlorida'sPreventionResearchCenter–CommunityBasedPreventionMarketinginLexingtonGrantAfter-schoolprogramstargetedby“Tweens”CoalitionCommissionedbytheDirectoroftheCoalition,AnitaCourtney3TheEvolutionStartedwithsixhoursoverthreeeveningsParticipantfeedback–Moreactivitiesforchildren–FewersessionsCreatedabooklet–Managementideas–Activityideas4WorkshopOrganizationPart1–ManagingstudentsinaphysicallyactivesettingPart2–UnderstandphysicalactivitypromotionforyouthPart3–Developmentallyappropriateactivitiesforyouth5Part1–Managingchildreninaphysicallyactivesetting6Part1:KeyConceptsStoppingandstartingchildren–ConsistentsignalsGroupingchildren–HumaneandefficientEfficientequipmentretrieval–SetupGivinginstructionsanddirections–ThoroughandconciseSimpleactivitiesandgames–Funforall7Part2–Understandphysicalactivitypromotionforyouth8Fitness,Exercise,orActivity?Fitness:Asetofattributesthatpeoplehaveorachieverelatingtotheirabilitytoperformphysicalactivity(USDHHS,1996)Exercise:Leisuretimephysicalactivityconductedwiththeintentionofdevelopingphysicalfitness.PhysicalActivity:Bodilymovementthatisproducedbythecontractionofskeletalmuscleandthatsubstantiallyincreasesenergyexpenditure(USDHHS,1996)9DanceExerciseSportsRecreationLeisureActivitiesOthers10Whyphysicalactivity?InactivepeoplehavetwicetheriskofdevelopingheartdiseaseInactivityisaprimaryriskfactorforheartdisease(soaresmoking,highbloodpressure,andhighcholesterolReducesriskofcanceranddiabetesImprovespostureandreduceslowerbackpainIsaseffectiveaspsychotherapyfortreatingdepression11ActivityIsforAllYouthRegularactivityforyouthincreasestheprobabilityofanactiveadultlifestyleYouthwhoareactiveat3or4yearsofage,aremoreactiveasadultsModerateactivityofferslifetimebenefitsActivityhelpsthosewhoneeditmost-unskilledandobeseyouth12WhytheConcernaboutInactivityamongYouth?Apercentageofyouth(15-30%)areinactive.Otherreasonsforconcernare:–Therapiddecreaseinactivityamongyouthwhentheyenteradolescence,particularlyfemales–Theincreaseinobesityamongyouthandadults1314Stepsacrossgradelevel80009000100001100012000130001400015000123456789101112GradeSteps/dayMalesFemalesMeansteps/dayforfemaleandmalestudentsingrades1-12LeMasurier,G.,Beighle,A.,etal,(2005)Pedometerdeterminedphysicalactivitylevelsofyouth.JournalofPhysicalActivityandHealth.15Whenareelementaryschoolstudentsactive?010002000300040005000600070008000P.E.SchoolDayOutsideSchoolBoysGirlsMorgan,C.F.,Pangrazi,R.P.,&Beighle,A.(2003).Usingpedometerstopromotephysicalactivityinphysicaleducation.JournalofPhysicalEducationRecreationandDance,74(7),33-38.1617FactorsEnvironment–StaffManagedMotivation–StaffinteractionAppropriateActivities–Staffdetermined1819(teacher=anyoneworkingwithchildren)20AFriend?FriendsplayfavoritesFriendswanttobelikedFriendspickwhotheywishtohelp21Aleader?LeaderscareaboutallstudentsandtreatthemallfairlyLeadersearnrespectLeadershelpallstudentsLeaserareproudofwhattheydoLeadersareaboutpeopleLeaderswanttomakeapositivedifferenceinthelivesofallchildrenAreyoualeader?22UnderstandingYouthElementaryAgeChildren–Loveactivity…anything–Shortattentionspans–Concretethinkers–Curious–Individuals–Self-centered23UnderstandingYouthLateelementarytomiddleschool–Peeracceptanceisimportant–Successisextremelyimportant–Activitymaynotbecool–Changingbodies–Canbeemotional–Struggleforindependence24Teacher’sRoleinaPhysicalActivityProgram1.Teachstudentstobegoodpeople•Teachersareagentsofchangeforsociety•Ifwedon’tteachthemtobebetterpeoplewhowill2.Makeactivityfun•Sellit2526CausesofmisbehaviorLookingforattentionLowself-esteemConfusedBored/NotchallengedDislikestheactivity/programExpectationsdifferentfromhomeorschoolday27DealingwithMisbehaviorProductiveandunacceptablebehaviorarelearnedandcanchangeBeassertiveKnowtheroleofemotionDealwiththebehaviorimmediately–Thelongeryouwaitthemoredifficultitistochangeabehavior–Reprimandingchildrenafteraclassordayisnoteffective28MoreDealingwithBehaviorAlwaysaddressthebehavior,notthechildSermonsorlecturesareineffectiveWorktoshapeonebehavioratatime29PreventingBehaviorProblemsPlanahead.Knowwhatyouaregoingtodo.Howwillyoureact?CallattentiontodesirablebehaviorPositive,specificfeedbackisverypowerfulIdentifyyourleadersandproblemsrightawayModelyourexpectations–How?30PreventingBehaviorProblemsAddressbehaviorPRIVATELYUnderstandhowfailureandfrustrationimpactbehaviorWhatdopeoplethatarefailingdo?–Clownaround–Makenegativecomments–Stoptrying–Disruptothers31PreventingDisciplineProblemsSeparatestudentswhoarehavingproblemsTalkwithappropriateadultsearlyon–Parents??????–SupervisorNeverallowtheleastcooperativestudenttoruntheshow32ChangingBehaviorGettoknowkidsasindividuals–Whatmakeseachofthemtick?Kidsdon’tcarehowmuchyouknow…Reinforcedesiredbehavior–Tellstudentswhatyouexpectandthenwhentheygiveittoyou,bombardthemwithSPFEvaluateandmodifywhatyouaredoing–Isitworking?Whynot?3334Rules/ExpectationsRulesshouldbegeneralandconcise3-5rulesatthemostClearlystatedinthepositiveRulesshouldteachbeingagoodperson35Rules/Expectations