英语写作Ⅱ-summary_writing

ObjectivesAfterStudyingtheunit,thestudentsshouldbeableto:WriteasummaryShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweek,andsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervacation.Shebroughthomealotofbooksandmagazinestoreadduringthevacation.SummaryWritingⅠ.DefinitionAsummaryisabriefrestatementofessentialthoughtofalongercomposition.brief:★asummarycan’tcovereverythingandmustbeshorterthanoriginalwriting;★usuallyitincludesthethesisandthemainsupportingpoints.restatement:★itreproducesfaithfullythethemeoftheoriginalinourownwords;★oneshouldnotinterpretorcomment;★Allonehastodoistogivethegistoftheauthor’sexactandessentialmeaning.Essential:★itgivesthemaininformationaboutapieceofwritingorspeech;★usuallyitincludesthethesisandthemainsupportingpoints.ⅡCharacteristicsofaSummary1.LengthAsummaryshouldusuallybeaboutone-fourthtoone-thirdaslongastheoriginalpassage.★Youmayusefewerwordsthanthenumberprescribed,butinnocasemayyouexceedthelimit.2.PointofViewUsethethirdpersonpointofview3.Tone:objectiveandimpersonalDon’texpressourownideas,butfaithfullyrepresentstheideasoftheoriginalwriting.4.CoverallthemaininformationYourreaderneednoreferencetotheoriginaltounderstandwhatitsmainideasare.5.Followthelogicalorderoftheoriginalpassage,ifpossible(anddesirable).Ideasandfactsneednotberearranged.6.Usecompletesentences7.UseourownwordsUsedifferentwordswiththeoriginalone.Don’tcopythelanguage.8.Usequotationifyoucitesomeimportantwordsoftheoriginalarticle9.Usepresenttensetoreportthegeneralideasandusepasttensetorefertopastexperiences.10.Summarywritingisanexerciseincompression.Inwritingasummary,weshould:---omitthedetails.---reducetheexamples.---simplifythedescriptions.---eliminateallrepetitions.10.(continuing)---compresswordysentencesandchangephrasestowords.e.g.Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion-like.→Hewasverybraveinbattle.e.g.Theyactedinamannerthatrenderedthemliabletoprosecution.→Theyactedillegally.10.(continuing)---Usegeneralwordsinsteadofspecificwordse.g.ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,andsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervacation.→Shebroughthomealotofbookstoreadduringthevacation.10.(continuing)---Usetheshortestpossibletransitions.e.g.But,then,thus,yet,andfor(atthesametime,ontheotherhand,etc.)10.(continuing)---Putthemainpointsofadialogueinindirectspeech.ⅢHowtoWriteaSummary1.Readandunderstandthesource2.Underlinethethesisstatementandthemainsupportingpoints→Weshoulddecidewhatpartsareessentialandwhatpartsarecomparativelyunimportantandcanbeomittedwithoutmuchloss.3.Writethesummary→beginthesummarybymentioningtheauthor,thearticle’stitleandtheauthor’sthesis;→statethesupportingpointsonebyone;→revise.Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion-like.Hewasverybraveinbattle.Theaccountthewitnessgaveoftheincidentmadeeveryonethathearditlaugh.Thewitness’sstorywasabsurd.Johnfellintotheriverand,beforehelpcouldreachhim,hesank.Johnwasdrownedintheriver.Hewashardupformoneyandwasbeingpressedbyhiscreditor.Hewasinfinancialdifficulties.BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,LushanMountain,andYellowMountain,werevisitedbyonlyafewpeopleinthepast.Today,betterwages,holidayswithpay,newhotelsonthosemountains,andbettertrainandbusservices,havebroughtthemwithinreachofmanywhoneverthoughtofvisitingthemtenyearsago.BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,todayaccessibletomanypeoplebetterwages,paidholidays,newhotelsandbettercommunicationoncevisitedbyonlyafewpeopleBeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,oncevisitedbyonlyafewpeople,aretodayaccessibletomany,thankstobetterwages,paidholidays,newhotelsandbettercommunication.VExerciseThisarticletalksaboutthereasonswhystudentscheatinexams.Studentscheatinexamsbymanywayseventhoughtheywillhavetofaceseverepunishmentiftheyarecaught.Theauthorthinkstherearethreemainreasons.Themostimportantreasonisthefearoffailure.Thosestudentsaregreatlyworriedthatiftheyfailnotonlytheirrelationshipwiththeirparentsandfriendswillbeaffectedbutalsotheir“educationalfuture.”(continuing)Thesecondreasonisthatsomestudentsarenotconfidentanddon’tthinktheycanpasstheexam.Thelastreasonisthatsomestudentsjustwanttochallengetheschoolrulesto“showofftotheirfriends”.Theytakerisksforpleasure.Althoughtheauthordoesn’tseeanyeffectivemeanstostopstudentscheatinginexams,headvisesstudentstothink“Isitworthbeingcaughtandgettingpunished.”(141words)