法律英语用词的基本特点及翻译

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法律翻译Outline一、基本理论(定义,分类翻译原则)二、词法特点及翻译三、句法特点及翻译四、法律英语典型句型的翻译五、好的英文法律英文网站法律翻译一、基本理论(定义,分类翻译原则)1、定义以及简介Legaltranslationisthetranslationoftextswithinthefieldoflaw.Aslawisaculture-dependentsubjectfield,legaltranslationisnotasimpletask.Translatorsoflegaltextsoftenconsultlawdictionaries,especiallybilinguallawdictionaries.Careshouldbetaken,assomebilinguallawdictionariesareofpoorqualityandtheirusemayleadtomistranslation.2、法律翻译的分类法律翻译:从资料的性质上,可以把法律英语笔译分为立法性文书翻译、司法性文书翻译、合同协议、学术类资料(理论性的,主要涉及法理和法制史等)以及其他(如专利申请、公证文书、律师法律意见等)五类。合同协议这一大类更常见些,可以从内容上对其再做进一步的划分。海商海事类建筑施工类:典型的如FIDIC系列协议。外贸文书类:主要涉及各种外贸单证。该类文书最典型特点是包含大量缩略语。我认为外贸文书翻译属于法律翻译范畴,而不是独立于法律翻译。一般文书:上述三类以外的文书。3、法律翻译的基本原则法律翻译的六项基础原则1)准确性及精确性(AccuracyandPrecision)2)一致性及同一性(ConsistencyandIdentity);3)清晰及简练(ClarityandConcision);4)专业化(Professionalism);5)语言规范化(StandardizedLanguage);6)集体作业(TearmWork)。1)准确性及精确性要求及重要意义:Thelawyermustbemorepreciseinhiswritingthanalmostanyoneelse.Mostwriterscanexpecttheirworktobereadingoodfaith,thatis,withanhonestdesiretounderstandwhatwasmeant.Butthelawyermustwriteinconstantfearofwhatwemightcallthereaderinbadfaith,themanlookingforloopholesinthecontractsoastoavoidliabilityforhisfailuretoperform,thedisappointedheirwhowantsthewillreadinawaythatwoulddefeatthetestator’sintention,thecriminaldefendantwhowantsthestatuteinterpretedsoasnottocoverhisact,andalltheotherswhowillwanttotwistthemeaningofwordsfortheirownends.(Chen,1992:164—165)例l……所有董事会成员……须由合营方委派和撤换。(…allthedirectorsshallbeappointedandreplacedbythepartiest0theventure.)(Chen,1992:166)例2如果买方对品质有异议,可以在货到目的口岸或收货后30天内向卖方提出索赔。(IncasetheBuyershavedisputesoverthequalityofthegoods,theBuyersmay,within30daysafterarrivalatthedestinationportordeliveryofgoods,fileaclaimagainsttheSellers例3外国合营者如果有意以落后的技术和设备进行欺骗,造成损失的,应赔偿损失。(Iftheforeignjoint-venturercauseslossesbydeceptionthroughtheintentionaluseofbackwardtechnologyandequipment,heshallpaycompensationforthelosses.)(Chen,1992:166)2一致性及同一性《法律文体》一书的作者HenryWeihofen强调说:...exactnessoftendemandsrepeatingthesametermtoexpressthesameidea.Wherethatistrue,neverbeafraidofusingthesamewordoverandoveragain.Manymoresentencesarespoiledbytryingtoavoidrepetitionthanbyrepetition.(Chen,1992:164—165)例4上海市涉外经济法规规章汇编》中的一段规定。对照以下原文:“保税区的减免税货物、保税货物的监管手续费,应当按照《中华人民共和国海关对进口减税、免税和保税货物征收海关监管手续费的办法》办理。”(a)任何文书如有以下情况,即属虚假——(i)该文书是以某种式样制成,并看来是由某人以该式样制成,但事实上该人并无以该式样制造该文书;(ii)该文书是以某种式样制成,并看来是获某人授权以该式样制造,但事实上该人并无授权以该式样制造该文书;(iii)该文书是按某些条款制造,但事实上该人并无按该等条款制造该文书;(iv)该文书是按某些条款制成,并看来是获某人授权按该等条款制造,但事实上该人并无授权按该等条款制造该文书;(v)该文书看来曾由某人在某些方面予以更改,但事实上该人并无授权在该方面予以更改;(vi)该文书看来是获某人授权在某方面予以更改,但事实上该人并无在某方面予以更改;(a)aninstrumentisfalseifitpurportstohavebeen——(i)madeintheforminwhichitismadebyapersonwhodidnotinfactmakeitthatform;(ii)madeintheforminwhichitismadeontheauthorityofapersonwhodidnotinfactauthorizeitsmakinginthatform;(iii)madeintermsinwhichitismadebyapersonwhodidnotinfactmakeitinthoseterms:(iv)madeintermsinwhichitismadeontheauthorityofapersonwhodidnotinfactauthorizeitsmakingonthoseterms;(v)alteredinanyrespectbyapersonwhodidnotinfactalteritinthatrespect;(vi)alteredinanyrespectontheauthorityofanypersonwhodidnotinfactauthorizeitsalterationinthatrespect;3清晰及简练例5Thedistrictcourt,ontheotherhand,erroneouslyaddressedbutonewordoftheBankersBlanketBond—theterm‘realized’一andthenthedistrictcourtmisapplieditbyerroneouslyconsideringwhether(theappellee)‘realized’abenefitandtheBanksufferedaloss,whichisnotaquestionundertheBankersBlanketBond;andoncethedistrictcourtfoundthattheBanksufferedalossitheldtheInsurerliablewithoutconsideringthelanguageoftheBankersBlanketBondasrelevanttotheissueofwhetherthat10sswascoveredundertheBankersBlanketBond.(Faulk&Mehler,1994:5)其实,这个句子总共包含四层主要意思:1)ThecourtreadonlyapartoftheBankersBlanketBond.2)Thecourtreadthatpartincorrectly.3)Andasaconsequence,thecourtfailedtofocusontheproperissueinthecase.4)ThedispositiveissueinthecaseiswhetherthelosswascoveredundertheBond.(Faulk&Mehler,1994:6)试看以下改进的版本:Thedistrictcourtaddressedonlytheterm“realized”asusedintheBankersBlanketBond.Thenthecourtconsideredwhethertheappellee“realized”abenefitandtheBanksufferedaloss.Atthatpoint,thecourtincorrectlyheldtheInsurerliable.TheissueiswhetherthatlosswascoveredundertheBond.(Faulk8LMehler,1994:6)例6Morethan80percentofthe32,000commercialenterprisesinGuangdonginvolveHongKongbusinessmen,withICACintelligenceindicatingmanybribewithimpunity,throughlavishgifts,entertainmentandkick-backs.(“LawCouldCoverBribesinChina”,1995)译文甲:在广东省32,000间商业机构中,超过百分之八十与香港有生意上的往来。廉署情报人员指出这些生意上的往来涉及许多贿赂罪行,然而这些罪行并没有受到法律的制裁。贿赂专案包括赠送贵重的礼物、提供高档的娱乐招待以及给予巨额的现金回扣。译文乙:在32,000个广东商业机构中,八成以上有港商参与,据廉署情报显示,许多港商以大量馈赠、殷勤款待和丰厚回扣行贿,却能逍遥法外。例7‘ThecaseisadjournedfortheCrowntopreparetransferpaper.译文甲:将案件押后以便控方准备提交地方法院审讯的文件。(22字)译文乙:将案件押后以便控方准备移审文件。(15字)4专业化几乎任何一份外贸货物进出口(在香港,importandexport则为“出入口”)合约都涉及如何处理“不可抗力”的条款。根据词义,该短语可译成。forcebeyondhumanpower,forcecontrolledbyGod,orirresistibleforce,然而只有把它译成forcemajeure才是道地的、专业的。例如:Iruledthatastrict1iabilityoffencewouldnotbeinconsistentwiththeHKBORO.(我的判决是有关严格责任罪的法例与香港人权法例并没有抵触。)如果把译文改为“本席裁定严格责任罪并不抵触香港人权法例”(CourtInterpreters'Journal,1996:21—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