英国文学史3

EnglishLiteratureinthe17thCenturyRevolutionandRestoration南阳师院外国语学院I.TheHistoricalBackground•A.TheEnglishCivilWar（1642-1652）-Itisabitterpowerstrugglebetweentheparliamentandtheking(thepowerofmonarch).-ThevictoryoftheParliamentledtotheexecutionofCharlesIandthecountrybecameformorethantenyearsasortofrepublicfoundedbyOliverCromwell—theRoundheadleader.-Itisregardedasthebeginningofmodernworldhistory.•B.Restoration-AfterCromwell’sdeath,monarchywasagainrestored.Therestorationusheredinaperiodofwhiteterrortothecountry.•C.GloriousRevolution(compromisebetweenthebourgeoisieandfeudalremnants)•D.TheBillofRights•E.thereligiouscloakoftheEnglishRevolution——Puritanism.QueenElizabeth(TudorDynasty)JamesI(-1625)(StuartDynasty)CharlesIPKParliamentariansOliverCromwell(1599-1658)LordProtectorofEnglishRepublicTheCivilWar(1642-1651)CharlesII(1660-1685)TheRestorationJamesII(1633-1701)CatholicTheGloriousRevolution(1688-1689)WilliamIII&MaryQueenAnne(-1714)HanoverDynasty(1714-1901)ThePeriodofRevolutionandRestoration新教：16C初德国马丁·路德改革后为新教，后逐渐指既非天主教又非东正教的基督教教徒.国教：英国国教，路德教的变种，英国教会独立于罗马教廷而形成。1534，英国用法令形式规定了国教.清教：16C在英国形成，该派要求以加尔文学说为依据改革英国国教会，承认《圣经》为唯一权威，反对国王和主教的专制。主张清除国教会所保留的天主教旧制度，简化仪式，提倡过勤俭清洁的生活，故名。II.清教对英国的影响•PuritanismisthereligiousdoctrineoftherevolutionarybourgeoisieduringtheEnglishRevolution.Itpreachesthrift（节俭）,sobriety(严肃),hardworkandunceasinglabor.Worldlypleasuresarecondemnedasharmful.TheadherencesarecalledPuritansorProtestants（清教徒）.•ThePuritaninfluenceingeneraltendedtosuppressliteraryart.(theGloomyAge)TheOverviewoftheLiterature(1640-1688)•1.Therevolutionperiod(1)RevolutionariesJohnMiltonandJohnBunyan(2)Themetaphysicalpoets（玄学派）JohnDonneLiteraryCharacteristicsoftheRevolutionPeriod•sadnessandpessimism;gloom.•acriticalandintellectualspirit•2.Therestorationperiod•(1)emphasizerationalism（理性主义）.•(2)clearandsimpleproseasaninstrumentofrationalcommunication.•(3)JohnDrydenIII.RepresentativeWriters&Worksa.JohnMilton•OneofthegreatestpoetsinEngland,defendedtheEnglishCommonwealthwithhispen.HislifewascloselylinkedwiththetwistsandturnsoftheRevolution.A.Therevolutionperiod•1.Life•2.Literarycareer.(1)The1stperiod(1625—1640),duringwhichtimeheistobeseenchieflyasasonofthehumanistsandElizabethans.L'AllegreIL《快乐的人》Penseroso《幽思的人》Lycidas《利西达斯》•ProsePamphlets•Forsome15years,hebecamethespokesmanoftheRevolution.HesacrificedhispoeticambitiontothecallofthelibertyforwhichPuritanswerefighting.The2ndperiod(1640—1660)•DefenceoftheEnglishPeople《为英国人民声辩》•SecondDefenceoftheEnglishPeople《为英国人民再辩》•Eikonoklasted《偶像破坏者》•Areopagitica['æripə'd3itikə]《论出版自由》ParadiseLost•ParadiseRegained(epics)•SamsonAgonistes(poeticaldrama)•IntheseworkswefindhumanismandPuritanismmergedinmagnificence.The3rdperiod(1660—1674)MiltonisdictatinghispoemThreeWesterngreatepics•Homer’sEpic《荷马史诗》•TheDivineComedy《神曲》•ParadiseLost《失乐园》Epic•Anepicisalongnarrativepoem,inanelevatedstyle,onagreateventoraseriesofgreateevents,oftenconcerningtheheroicdoingsofonewhomdependsthefateofatribe,anationorthehumannation.•Itcanbedividedintofolkornationalepicandartorliteraryepic.ParadiseLost•ParadiseLost•Itisalongepic（史诗）in12books，writteninblankverse.•Plot：AlthoughdefeatedbyGod,Satanisnotdiscouraged,hechoosestheGardenofEdenforthebattlefield,wherelivethefirstmanandwoman,AdamandEve,whoareallowedbyGodtoenjoythesupremebeautiesofParadise,iftheydonoteatthefruitthatgrowsontheTreeofKnowledgeofGoodandEvil.SatandesirestotearthemawayfromtheinfluenceofGodandmakethemtoolsinhisstruggleagainstGod’sauthority.SatanassumestheshapeofaserpentandappearsbeforeEve,HepersuadeshertobreakGod’scommand.Eveeatsanapplefromtheforbiddentreeandplucks（摘）anotherforAdam.Godseesallthis,andAdamandEvearebothdeprivedofimmortality,exiled（逐出）fromParadiseanddoomedtoanearthlylifefullofhardshipandsufferings.CharacterizationGod:aselfish,cruel,andunjustdespot.AdamandEve:embodyMilton’sbeliefinthepowersofman.Theircravingforknowledgeishighlypraised.Satan:realhero,brave,strong-minded,Satanrepresentedthespiritofrebellionagainstunjustauthority.ThemeSatan’sheroicrevoltagainstGod’sauthoritySamsonAgonistes:poeticaldramaSamsonkillsalionGreatstrenghfromGodmeetwithDelilahandfallinlovewithherBUT...Atlengthtolaymyheadandhallow'dpledgeOfallmystrengthinthelasciviouslapOfadeceitfulConcubinewhoshoremeLikeatameWether,allmypreciousfleece…IknewthatlibertyWoulddrawtheeforthtoperilousenterprises,WhileIathomesatefullofcaresandfearsWailingthyabsenceinmywidow'dbed;HereIshouldstillenjoytheedayandnightMineandLovesprisoner…pushdownthetwocolumnsanddietogetherwithhisenemy•SamsonAgonistesisapoeticaldramamodeledontheGreektragedies.•创作于（1671）取材于《旧约（OldTestament）》的《士师记（BookofJudges）》。以色列的大力士参孙被情人腓力斯人大利出卖，以色列人的统治者是腓力斯人，他们弄瞎了他的双眼。参孙念念不望复仇。后腓力斯人逼迫参孙演武，参孙推倒庙宇，与敌人同归于尽。参孙充满献身精神，轻率的婚姻导致了不幸，虽双目失明却毫不屈服，这些使人们联想到作者本人的经历，以及作者在复辟时期内心的痛苦和决不屈服的斗志。这首诗剧以希腊悲剧为典范写成，突出地表现了人物的内心感受，具有震撼人心的力量。•FeaturesofMilton’spoetry.1.MiltontherevolutionaryisasgreatasMiltontheepicpoet.2.Heisagreatartist/grandstyle.(Hispoetryisfullofbiblicalandclassicalallusionsandepicsimiles.hissublimityofthoughtandmajestyofexpression)3.Heisagreatmasterofbl