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ITOPIC：Sonnet18IIOBJECTIVES:A）IntroductiontopoetryB）IntroductiontosonnetC）StudyofSonnet18D）AssignmentDefinitionofPoetry*distinctivestyleandrhythm;agenreofliterature.*aconcentratedimaginativeawarenessofexperienceinlanguage*aspecialemotionalresponsethroughitsmeaning,sound,andrhythm.TypesofPoetryLyricpoetryNarrativepoetryDramaticpoetryLyricpoetryLyricisabriefsubjectivepoemstronglymarkedbyimagination,melodyandemotion,andcreatingasingleunifiedimpression.NarrativepoetryNarrativepoetryisonethattellsastoryorpresentsanarrative,whethersimpleorcomplex,longorshort.Epics,balladsandmetricalromancesareamongthemanykindsofnarrativepoems.DramaticpoetryAthirdkindofpoetryisdramaticpoetrywhichiswrittenintheformofaspeechofanindividualcharactertoanimaginaryaudience;itcompressesintoasinglevividsceneanarrativesenseofthespeaker’shistoryandpsychologicalinsightintohischaracter.Thiskindofpoetry,asthetermsuggests,employsdramaticformorsomeelementofdramatictechnique.TheLanguageinPoetryTheLanguageinpoetrymaydifferstillfurtherfromthatofprose.SincethefunctionofpoetryistopresentIMAGESconcretely,itistheresponsibilityofthepoettoselectlanguagethatsucceedsinmakingthoseIMAGESconcreteandthespecialwordsrichinconnotativevalueandcarryingimplicationsofsound,color,andaction—thesearethespecialstockofthegenuinePOET.RhythmPoetryisoftenconsideredastherhythmiccreationofbeauty(EdgarAllenPoe).Apoemisdividedintostanzaorstrophe(诗节),whichissubdividedintoverseorline(行).Eachlineisdividedintoseveralfeet(音步).Footisarrangedaccordingtothestress,andthisformsthemeter(格律).Inafoot,“-”symbolizesstress,whichiscalled“扬”inChinese,and“ˇ”symbolizesnon-stress,whichiscalled“抑”inChinese.Rhythmcomesfromtheregularpatternofthestressandnon-stress.Accordingtotherulesofthearrangementofthestressesandnon-stresses,themostcommonlyusedmeterofEnglishpoetryisdividedinto:A.Iambicfoot(Iamb)(∨—)(∨/)抑扬格Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?B.Trochaicfoot(Trochee)(—∨)(/∨)扬抑格Everylittlestreamisbright,C.Anapesticfoot(Anapest))(∨∨—)(∨∨/)抑抑扬格Forthemoonneverbeamswithoutbringingmedreams.D.Dactylicfoot(Dacty1)(—∨∨)(/∨∨)扬抑抑格Slowlythemisto’erthemeadowwascreeping.E.Amphibrachfoot(Amphibrach)：(∨—∨)(∨/∨)F.Spondee：（——）（//）G..Pyrrhic：（∨∨）KindsofVerse:Alineconsistsofseveralfeet.Accordingtothenumberoffoot,footisdividedinto:A.Monometer(单音步)：Itrust.B.Dimeter(双音步)：Thewildwindsweep.C.Trimeter(三音步)：Theirsnottomakereply.D.Tetrameter(四音步)：Helivestolearninlife’shardschool.E.Pentameter(五音步)：Thepoetryofearthisneverdead.F.Hexameter.(六音步):G.Peptameter(七音步)H.Octametre(八音步)KindsofMeters:VerserhythmAverseconsistsofdifferentkindsoffeet.A.IambicMonometer：AnddieB.TrochaicDimeter:Richthetreasure.C.IambicTrimeter：Theirsnottomakereply.(AnapesticTrimeter：Downtothedepthsofthesea)D.IambicTetrameter：Row,brother,row,thestreamisfast…(TrochaicTetrameter：Lifeisreal!Lifeisearnest!)(AmphibrachTetrameter：Afarmerwenttrottinguponhisgreymare)E.IambicPentameter：Farewell,thetranquilmind,farewell,content!Andswimsorsinks,orwades,orcreeps,orflies.Plea’sinthesilentshadewithemptypraise.3.4Rhyme(Rime):arepetitionofthesamesound.Alliteration：Theinitialsamesound,normallyconsonants,especiallyatthebeginningofwords,orstressedsyllables,arerepeated.Themoanofdovesinimmemorialelms.Andmurmuringofinnumerablebees.—A.Tennyson,Princes.Assonance：arepetitionofthesameorsimilarvowelsounds,usuallyclosetogetherquiteinrhyme.e.g.1)ThewavescameoverthebrokenshipTillallhersidesweretornConsonance：harmonyofconsonant.Thesameconsonantsfollowdifferentvowelsoundsofwordsclosetoeachother.e.g.1)apalegoldchord.Endrhyme：Rhymescheme.A.Park-dark,make-break,low-foe.(Normalrhyme)B.one-bone,stood-blood.(Eyerhyme)SomestanzaformsA.Couplet,usuallyiambictetrameterandiambicpentameter(heroiccouplet)B.Tercet(triplet).C.Quatrain.D.Five-versestanza.E.SextetF.Seven-versestanzaG.Octave(Triple).H.SonnetImageryImageryreferstothesensoryimagesproducedbywords.Imageryisthelifeofagoodpoem.Imageryisdividedintovisualimage,auditoryimage,olfactoryimage(嗅觉),tactileimage(触觉),gustatoryimage(味觉)，kinaestheticimage(动觉),abstractimage,etc.Topic2—Introductiontosonnet2.1Definitionofsonnetfourteenlinesusuallyiniambicpentametersumupinlastlinesofthepoem.Topic2—Introductiontosonnet2.2TypesofSonnetTherearethreedominanttypesofsonnet:◆Petrarchansonnet(theItaliansonnet):abba,abba,cde,cdeDefinitionofPetrarchansonnetThefirst8linesformanoctave,whichrhymesabba,abbaandtheremaining6linesformasestetwhichrhymescde,cde.◆Spenseriansonnet:abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee◆Shakespeareansonnet(theEnglishsonnetorElizabethansonnet):abab,cdcd,efef,gg.2.3Shakespeareansonnet2.3.1DefinitionofShakespeareansonnetShakespeareansonnetconsistsofthreequatrainswitharhymingschemeababcdcdefefandendswithacoupletrhyminggg.Inthethreequatrainsthethemeisputforwardanddeveloped,andinthecoupletthesonnetendswithasurpriseconclusionorshiftofideas.Thequatrainsproduceasweepingmovementwhiletheconcludingcoupletoftencomestobeaneffectiveepigramandalsomakesthethemeofthepoemclearer.Topic2—Introductiontosonnet2.3.2Contents:Shakespeare’ssonnetsaretheonlydirectexpressionofthepoet’sownfeelings.Hissonnetsnum