英国文学史SH2011Part_Four_The_18th_Century-The_Age_of_E

PartFourThe18thCenturyTheAgeofEnlightenmentinEngland1688-1798十八世纪英国启蒙时期theAgeofReasonTheLiteraryBackgroundtothisperiod1.Thecontending(敌对的)factions(派别)2.Literati(文人学士)asservantsofcontention:pamphlets3.Thedevelopmentofsociallife1.Theliteratureofthe18thcenturywasdominatedbytheinterestsofcontendingpartiesTheWhigs:determinedtosafeguardpopularliberty;TheTories:conservative,wouldleaveasmuchauthorityaspossibleintheroyalhands;2.LiteratiasservantsofcontentionTheWhigsandtheTorieswerewellbalancedinpower.TooverturnaToryoraWhigcabinetonlyafewvoteswerenecessaryandtoinfluencesuchvotesLondonwasfloodedwithpamphlets.MostofthegreatwritersoftheagewerethewillingservantsoftheWhigsorToriesaspamphleteers.3.ThedevelopmentofsociallifeThefirsthalfofthe18thcenturyEnglandsawtheappearanceofalargenumberofpubliccoffeehousesandprivateclubs.Nearlyallwritersfrequentedthecoffeehouses,andmattersdiscussedtherebecamesubjectsofliterature.Hencetheenormousamountof18th-centurywritingdevotedtotransientaffairs,topolitics,fashions,andgossip.TheEnlightenmentinEuropeAprogressiveintellectualmovementbeginninginFranceandthenspreadthroughoutEurope.TheguidingprincipleorsloganisRationality/Reason,naturalrightandequality.Rationalitybecamestandardformeasurementofeverything.Anexpressionofstruggleofthebourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.Theyattemptedtoplaceallbranchesofscienceattheserviceofmankind.TheEnlightenmentinEuropeCalledforuniversaleducation:acontinuationofRenaissanceinbeliefinthepossibilityofhumanperfectionthrougheducation.Itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.LiteraryDevelopment1.Neo-classicism2.sentimentalism3.Modernnovel4.Romanticism5.Englishdrama1.Neoclassicism新古典主义TheEnlightenmentMovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.TheneoclassicistsheldthatformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriters,suchasHomer.Addison,Steele,Popebelongedtothisschool.2.Sentimentalism感伤主义Sentimentalismindulgedinemotionandsentiment.CriticizedthecrueltyofthecapitalistrelationsandthegrosssocialinjusticesbroughtaboutbythebourgeoisrevolutionsandtheIndustrialRevolution.Theyreactagainstanythingrationalandtoadvocatethatsentimentshouldtaketheplaceofreason.ThomasGray,OliverGoldsmith,LaurenceStern,SamuelRichardsonarerepresentativesofthisschool.3.ThebeginningofmodernnovelModernEnglishnovelbeganinthe18thcenturyandgavetheworldsuchnovelistsasDefoe,Swift,Richardson,Fielding,SmollettandSterne.DanielDefoe’sRobinsonCrusoewasoneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglish18thcenturyrealisticnovel.ButitwasHenryFieldingandTobiasGeorgeSmolletwhobecametherealfoundersofthegenreofthebourgeoisrealisticnovelinEnglandandEurope.4.CharacteristicsofPre-RomanticismRomanticismhasfiveprominentcharacteristics:(1).TheRomanticMovementwasastrongreactionandprotestagainstthebondageofruleandcustom,whichgenerallytendtofetterthefreehumanspirit.(2).Romanticismreturnedtonatureandtoplainhumanityforitsmaterial.(3)Itismarkedbyrenewedinterestinmedievalidealsandliterature.(4)Romanticismwasmarkedbyintensehumansympathy,anunderstandingofthehumanheart.Thesympathyforthepoor,andthecryagainstoppressiongrewstronger.(5)TheRomanticMovementwastheexpressionofindividualgeniusratherthanofestablishedrules.ThemostfamouswritersofthisschoolareWilliamBlakeandRobertBurns.Pre-romanticismfounditsmostmanifestexpressioninthe“Gothicnovel”.Gothicnovel哥特小说Setinthemedievalperiod;otherssettheminaCatholiccountry.Thelocalewasoftenagloomycastlefurnishedwithdungeons地牢,windingpassages,andslidingpanels;thetypicalstoryfocusedonthesufferingsimposedonaninnocentheroinebyacruelandlustfulvillain.madeuseofghosts,mysteriousdisappearances,sensationalandsupernaturaloccurrences.Theprincipalaimofsuchnovelswastoevokechillingterrorbyexploitingmysteryandavarietyofhorrors.5.Englishdramainthe18thcenturyTheEnglishdramaofthe18thcenturydidnotreachthesamehighlevelasitsnovel,butitexperiencedabrieffloweringinthesecondhalfofthiscentury.ThegreatestdramatistofthisperiodisRichardBrinsleySheridan,bestrememberedforhisTheSchoolforScandal.LiteraryFiguresAlexanderPopeDanielDefoeJonathanSwiftJosephAddisonHenryFieldingThomasGrayOliverGoldsmithRichardBrinsleySheridanWilliamBlakeRobertBurnsAlexanderPope(1688-1744)AlexanderPope亚历山大·蒲柏Popeisknownasagreatpoetinhisday.Heexertedmuchinfluenceupontheotherwritersofhisage.Hepopularizedtheneoclassicalliterarytradition,broughtfromFrance.HewasoneoftheearlyrepresentativesoftheEnlightenmentwhointroducedintoEnglishculturethespiritofrationalism.Hewasagreatsatiristandaliterarycriticwhooccupiedaprominentplaceinhistime.Theearlyperiodofthe18thcenturyhasoftenbeennamedafterhimas“TheAgeofPope”.LifestoryBorntoaRomanCatholicfamilyin1688,Popewaseducatedmostlyathome,inpartduetolawsinforceatthetimeupholdingthestatusoftheestablishedChurchofEngland.Fromearlychildhoodhesufferednumeroushealthproblems,includingPott'sdisease(aformoftuberculosisaffectingthespinewhichdeformedhisbodyandstuntedhisgrowth,nodou