英国文学史William Butler Yeats

2020/1/29williambutleryeats1WilliamButlerYeats威廉·巴特勒·叶芝(1865--1939)英国文学史学生上课ppt2020/1/29williambutleryeats2WilliamButlerYeatsAnIrishpoet,dramatist,andoneoftheforemostfiguresof20thcenturyliterature.ApillarofboththeIrishandBritishliteraryestablishments,inhislateryearsYeatsservedasanIrishSenatorfortwoterms.HewasadrivingforcebehindtheIrishLiteraryRevival,andalongwithLadyGregoryandEdwardMartynfoundedtheAbbeyTheatre,servingasitschiefduringitsearlyyears.2020/1/29williambutleryeats3In1923,hewasawardedtheNobelPrizeinLiteratureforwhattheNobelCommitteedescribedasinspiredpoetry,whichinahighlyartisticformgivesexpressiontothespiritofawholenation.(用鼓舞人心的诗篇，以高度的艺术形式表达了整个民族的精神风貌)HewasthefirstIrishmansohonored.2020/1/29williambutleryeats4LifetimeAverseinthetextbookOtherworksAfamousverse2020/1/29williambutleryeats5BirthWilliamButlerYeatswasborninSandymount,CountyDublin,Ireland.TheButlerYeatsfamilywerehighlyartistic;HisbrotherJackwentontobeahighlyregardedpainter,whilehissistersElizabethandSusanMary—knowntofamilyandfriendsasLollieandLily—becameinvolvedintheArtsandCraftsmovement（aninternationaldesignmovement）.2020/1/29williambutleryeats6EducationAtfirsttheYeatschildrenwereeducatedathome.TheirmotherentertainedthemwithstoriesandIrishfolktales.JohnprovidedanerraticeducationingeographyandchemistrOn26January1877（whenhewas13）,theyoungpoetenteredtheGodolphinprimaryschool,InOctober1881(whenhewas17),YeatsresumedhiseducationatDublin'sErasmusSmithHighSchool(startedwritingpoetry)Between1884&1886,WilliamattendedtheMetropolitanSchoolofArt—nowtheNationalCollegeofArtandDesign—inThomasStreet.(firstknownworkswerewrittenwhenhewasseventeen,andincludeapoemheavilyinfluencedbyPercyByssheShelley)2020/1/29williambutleryeats7YoungpoetYeats'searlypoemsareusuallybasedonIrishmythologyandfolklore(爱尔兰神话和民间传说),hislanguagestyleisinfluencedbythePre-Raphaeliteprose(拉斐尔前派散文)effect.In1890,Yeatsco-foundedtheRhymers'ClubwithErnestRhys,[18]agroupofLondonbasedpoetswhometregularlyinaFleetStreettaverntorecitetheirverse.Yeats'firstsignificantpoemwasTheIsleofStatues《雕塑的岛屿》HisfirstsolopublicationwasthepamphletMosada:ADramaticPoem(1886),whichcomprisedaprintrunof100copiespaidforbyhisfather.followedbythecollectionTheWanderingsofOisinandOtherPoems(1889),whicharrangedaseriesofversethatdatedasfarbackasthemid-1880s.2020/1/29williambutleryeats8TheWanderingsofOisin(乌辛之浪迹)theappealofthelifeofcontemplationovertheappealofthelifeofaction(追求冥思的生活抑或追求行动的生活).Followingthework,Yeatsneveragainattemptedanotherlongpoem.otherearlypoems:Poems(1895),TheSecretRose(1897),andTheWindAmongtheReeds(苇间风)(1899).(loveormysticalandesotericsubjects)2020/1/29williambutleryeats9MaudGonneIn1889,YeatsmetMaudGonne（茅德·冈）,thena23-year-oldheiressandardentNationalist.Shehadasignificantandlastingeffectonhispoetryandhislifethereafter.YeatsevencreatedascriptCountessKathleen(凯丝琳女伯爵)puttingherastheprototype,andwrotethefamoussongwhenyouareoldforher.In1891,hevisitedGonneinIrelandandproposedmarriage,butwasrejected.YeatsproposedtoGonnethreemoretimes:in1899,1900and1901.29/01/2020williambutleryeats102020/1/29williambutleryeats11AbbeyTheatreIn1899,Yeats,LadyGregory,EdwardMartyn,andGeorgeMooreestablishedtheIrishLiteraryTheatreforthepurposeofperformingCelticandIrishplays.Thisgroupoffounderswasable,alongwithJ.M.Synge,toacquirepropertyinDublinandopentheAbbeyTheatreon27December,1904.Yeats'playCathleenNíHoulihanandLadyGregory'sSpreadingtheNewswerefeaturedontheopeningnight.YeatscontinuedtobeinvolvedwiththeAbbeyuntilhisdeath,bothasamemberoftheboardandaprolificplaywright.2020/1/29williambutleryeats122020/1/29williambutleryeats13NobelPrizeInDecember1923,YeatswasawardedtheNobelPrizeinLiteratureTheprizeledtoasignificantincreaseinthesalesofhisbooks,ashispublishersMacmillansoughttocapitaliseonthepublicity.YeatsisgenerallyconsideredoneofthefewwriterswhosegreatestworkswerecompletedafterbeingawardedtheNobelPrize;[2]suchworksincludeTheTower(1928)andTheWindingStairandOtherPoems(1929)2020/1/29williambutleryeats14OldageanddeathTheYeats'slatelife,hepublishedmanypoems,playsandessays.Manyfamouspoemsarewritteninhislaterlife,includingsailingtoByzantium(颠峰之作《驶向拜占庭》)Whenhewasold,Yeatshasbeeninpoorhealth,andhediedinMenton,France,on28January1939.2020/1/29williambutleryeats15HisepitaphistakenfromthelastlinesofUnderBenBulben(本布尔本山下)oneofhisfinalpoems:CastacoldEyeOnLife,onDeath.Horseman,passby.(掷冷冷的一眼,看生看死,骑士啊越过生死向前！)-----传递出叶芝对生与死的超越。2020/1/29williambutleryeats16TheSecondComingTurningandturninginthewideninggyreThefalconcannothearthefalconer;Thingsfallapart;thecentrecannothold;Mereanarchyisloosedupontheworld,Theblood-dimmedtideisloosed,andeverywhereTheceremonyofinnocenceisdrowned;Thebestlackallconviction,whiletheworstArefullofpassionateintensity.Surelysomerevelationisathand;SurelytheSecondComingisathand.TheSecondComing!HardlyarethosewordsoutWhenavastimageoutofSpiritusMundiTroublesmysight:somewhereinsandsofthedesertAshapewithlionbodyandtheheadofaman,Agazeblankandpitilessasthesun,Ismovingitsslowthighs,whileallaboutitReelshadows