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1實證醫學報告藥劑科黃佳真藥師21.Formulateananswerablequestion.(PICO)由個案的臨床資料形成可回答的臨床問題2.Trackdownthebestevidence.(Searchdatabase)尋找最佳的實證﹝各種文獻及資料庫,包括發表及未發表資料﹞3.Criticallyappraisetheevidenceforvalidity,impact,andapplicability.(VIP)評估各種醫學報告的可信度、臨床重要性,以及可應用性4.Integratewithourclinicalexpertiseandpatientvalues.整合並應用於實際患者的治療決策﹝臨床應用﹞5.Evaluateoureffectivenessandefficacy.效果評估實證醫學的五大進行步驟FiveStepstoPracticeEBM3Clinicalscenario感控室發現最近有一個問題,即同一病房中爆發3例疥瘡(Scabies)感染,因醫療人員需長期接觸病人,為預防感染擴大,故感控室考慮是否讓護理站工作人員使用治療疥瘡之藥物,該如何處理才最適當?4BackgroundknowledgeCommoncausesinfestationofhumanmiteSarcoptesscabiei.closeordirectskin-to-skincontactSymptoms/signsIntensenocturnalprurituswithin1-4weeksafterinfection.Severelyitchylesionstypicallypresentassmallpapuleswithnoticeablecurvyorstraightburrowscommonlylocatedinskinfolds.Secondarysignsmayincludegeneralrash,urticaria,eczema,excoriation,andimpetigo.Incubationappearstobe1-4weeks,mostpatientsareasymptomaticduringthattimeScabiesmitescansurvivefor48-72hoffthehumanbody5Images6Problem,PICOPatientand/orproblem:NosymptomaticstaffwhocontactscabiespatientIntervention:MediationfortreatscabiesComparisonintervention:NointerventionOutcomes:Preventscabiesoutbreak,感染率?7Searchstrategy8Searchstrategy-112result:19papersfound9Searchstrategy-2result:13medicaltopicfound10Searchstrategy-3Searchterms:scabiesandasymptomaticlimits:Title/Abstract,publishedinthelast10years,onlyitemswithlinkstofulltextresult:8papersfoundDiscardirrelevantpapersFinally,1paperiscitedterms:scabiesandoutbreak→221paperslimits:Title/Abstract,publishedinthelast5years,onlyitemswithlinkstofulltext,Englishresult:14papersfoundDiscardirrelevantpapersFinally,2paperarecited11英國OxfordCenter證據應用等級LevelTherapy/Prevention,Aetilogy/Harm1a將隨機對照臨床研究(RandomizedClinicalTrial,RCT)以系統性評論(systemicreview,SR)後的結果。b具有嚴格的信賴區間的個別RCT研究。c無論使用何種研究方法,但其研究結果為完全正面、完全負面或完全無效果(allornone)的研究結果。2a將同質性的世代研究(cohortstudies)以系統性評論的結果。b個別世代研究或是質量較不足的RCT研究。c以多數結果為基礎的研究,及生態學的研究(Outcomesresearch;ecologicalstudies)。3a將同質的個案對照研究(casecontrolstudies)以系統性評論後的結果。b個別的個案對照研究(individualcasecontrolstudy)。4病例統計報告,以及質量較不足的個案對照研究。5未經嚴謹評估的意見,或者基礎生理學、一般實驗室研究及必要原則。12Citations-11.張淑美、梁宇峰:南部某區域教學醫院加護病房疥瘡感染群突發之調查。院內感染控制雜誌2002;12卷第6期2.林金絲、葉玉蓉:疥瘡的防治。台灣醫學2000;4卷第6期3.RandolphLP,StevenMO.Scabies.:473-4.(level2A)5.ScheinfeldN.Controllingscabiesininstitutionalsettings:areviewofmedications,treatmentmodels,andimplementation.AmJClinDermatol.2004;5:31-76.VorouR,RemoudakiHD,MaltezouHC.Nosocomialscabies.JHospInfect.2007Jan;65:9-14.Citations-2Level:2c14南部某區域教學醫院加護病房疥瘡感染群突發之調查此疥瘡群突發發生在南部某區域教學醫院的加護病房,於七月份下旬,至民國90年7月31日為止,有十位護理人員及一位住院病患受到感染及疑似感染,分別於四肢、軀幹、背部及腹部等不同部位有癢及紅疹情形,其中有5位護理人員及1位住院病患共6位經皮膚科診斷確定為感染疥瘡,護理人員感染率為13.2%,該ICU住院病人感染率為4%。該單位已感染疥瘡之病患及護理人員予以Scalphenoint治療,疑似感染及接觸者予以Eurax(Crotamiton)治療,照護感染病患時採接觸隔離,並加強洗手、穿隔離衣、戴手套以及隔離防護之再教育等。追究極可能由於醫護人員認為感染來源之病患已擦藥二星期傳染力減低而未適時採取適當隔離措施所致,後經皮膚科醫師診斷及藥物治療以及嚴格的防護措施,該單位未再發現任何新的疥瘡個案。院內感控雜誌200215疥瘡的防治台灣醫學2000照顧疥瘡患者之工作人員有40-70%的侵襲率(attackrate)。國內群突發調查工作人員遭受疥瘡感染之侵襲率也近四成。根據Degelar處理長期照護機構疥瘡群發之經驗,依其傳染途徑將治療方式分為三類;第一類是高傳染途徑性,例如挪威疥或身上疹子大於50個。第二是一般疹,或疑似疥蟲感染,且身上蟲子小於50個。第三類包括所有無症狀但曾經接觸第一、二類患者,或覺得皮膚搔癢,但無任何疹子者。使用5%Permethrin全身塗抹8~14hrs即有治療效果,第二、三類ㄧ次治療即可。16台灣醫學200017疥瘡的防治台灣醫學2000在評估接觸者方面,許多文獻調查發現,只有治療感染者會造成控制失敗,因此,對象應包括病患、員工及兩者家屬。至於是否使用預防性用藥,可根據該醫院過去之疥瘡盛行率來決定。18Controlofanepidemiccanonlybeachievedbytreatmentoftheentirepopulationatrisk.Inanoutbreakofscabiesinanursinghome,residents,staff,andfrequentvisitorsshouldallbetreatedeveniftheyarenotsymptomatic.Thestandardtreatmentforscabiesis5%permethrincream.IvermectinisusefulintreatingpatientswithNorwegianorcrustedscabies,orwhoaredebilitated.Onlyoraltreatment,isnotapprovedforscabiesintheUS.AmJClinDermatol.2004Controllingscabiesininstitutionalsettings:areviewofmedications,treatmentmodels,andimplementation19Controllingscabiesininstitutionalsettings:areviewofmedications,treatmentmodels,andimplementationTreatmentModelstoStopEpidemicsModeltreatmentplanstocontrolscabiesepidemicshavebeendevelopedthatinvolvetreatmentofstaff,patients,andcontacts.Theplansincludedisinfectionofthepremises,clothing,andfurniture.AmJClinDermatol.200420TreatingasymptomaticbodilycontactsofpatientswithscabiesPatientswhoarefirstexposedtoscabiesoftendonotdevelopsymptomsforseveralweeks.Awelldocumentedcasereportdetailedthespreadofscabiesinadaycarecenter,inwhich21%ofthestaffandchildrenwereeventuallyinfected.PreventionDuetolongasymptomaticincubationperiodandhighlevelofinfectivityThestandardtreatmentforscabiesis5%permethrincreamappliedfromtheneckdown.Alternativesinclude1%lindane,whichshouldbeavoidedinchildrenandpregnantwomen.ArchFamMed.200021ScabiestreatmentstreatmentagentUSFDAapprovedforscabiestreatmentcommentsPermethrinYesFirst-linetherapyLindaneYesNeurotoxic;second-linetherapyCrotamitonYesNotveryeffective;weakantipruriticMalathionApprovedforheadlicetreatmentNotuesdintheUSAllethrinsprayNoUsedinEurope6-10%precipitatedsulfurNoWelltoleratedinch

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