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+Nationality：Britain（Edinburgh,Scotland）+Biography：AlexanderFraserTytler,LordWoodhouseleeFRSE(15October1747–5January1813)wasaScottishadvocate,judge,writerandhistorianwhoservedasProfessorofUniversalHistory,andGreekandRomanAntiquities,intheUniversityofEdinburgh.+Mainwork：+(1791).EssayonthePrinciplesofTranslation.(论翻译的原则）++“ThreeprinciplesofTranslation”（comprehensive&systematic）+Itmarksanewbeginingofwesterntranslationstudies.(标志着西方翻译史上一个时期的结束和一个时期的开始)+In1921,MrZhengZhenduopublishedthethreeprinciplesonthe《NovelMonthly》.AndthisideafirstbeimportedintoChina.Itwillfollow:Ⅰ.ThattheTranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.即译文应完全复写出原作的思想Ⅱ.Thatthestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.即译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同Ⅲ.ThattheTranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoforiginalcomposition.就是译文与原作同样流畅+DescriptionofagoodTranslationIwouldthereforedescribeagoodtranslationtobe,That,inwhichthemeritoftheoriginalworkissocompletelytransfusedintoanotherlanguage,astobeasdistinctlyapprehended,andasstronglyfelt,byanativeofthecountrytowhichthatlanguagebelongs,asitisbythosewhospeakthelanguageoftheoriginalwork.原作的优点完全移植在译作语言之中，使译语使用者像原语使用者一样，对这种优点能清楚地领悟，并有着同样强烈的感受+FirstGeneralRule:ATranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork—Knowledgeofthelanguageoftheoriginal,andacquaintancewiththesubject.…thetranslatoriscalledupontoexercisehisjudgement,andtoselectthatmeaningwhichismostconsonanttothetrainofthoughtinthewholepassage,ortotheauthor’susualmodeofthinking,andexpressinghimself.+我记忆中最早的一件事,是提着家里唯一的热水瓶去公共食堂打开水。——莫言（诺贝尔奖讲座）+Myearliestmemorywasoftakingouronlyvacuumbottletothepubliccanteenfordrinkingwater.——葛浩文（译）+SecondgeneralRule:ThestyleandmannerofwritinginaTranslationshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheOriginal.+…whethertothatofthegrave,theelevated,theeasy,thelively,thefloridandornamented,orthesimpleandunaffected;andthesecharacteristicqualitieshemusthavethecapacityofrenderingequallyconspicuousinthetranslationasintheoriginal.+星期天，豫园游人络绎不绝。+OnSundays,YuyuanGardenisalwayscrowdedwithvisitors.（negative）+OnSundays,YuyuanGardenattractsalargenumberofvisitors.（positive）+ThirdgeneralRule:ATranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoforiginalcomposition.+郑振铎：译文必须含有原文中所有的流利。（1921）+谭载喜：译作应具备原作所具有的通顺。+（1991）+李德凤：译文应该与原作的行文一样自如。（2007）+挖开坟墓后，我们看到，棺木已经腐朽，母亲的骨殖，已经与泥土混为一体。——莫言（诺贝尔奖讲座）+Whenwedugupthegrave,wesawthatthecoffinhadrottedawayandthatherbodyhadmergedwiththedampeartharoundit.——葛浩文（译）+我们将认真听取各位坦诚地对我们的工作提出意见和建议。+Wewilllistenattentivelytoyourstraightforwardcomments&suggestionsonourwork.+Yourcommentsandsuggestionswillbeappreciated.+…thatinallcaseswhereasacrificeisnecessarytobemadeofoneofthoselawstoanother,adueregardoughttobepaidtotheirrankandcomparativeimportance.+预示了现代翻译的“得”、“失”问题+…yetthepainteremployspreciselythesamecolours,andhasnoothercarethanfaithfullytoimitatethetouchandmannerofthepicturethatisbeforehim.+[Thetranslator]usesnotthesamecolourswiththeoriginal,butisrequiredtogivethepicturethesameforceandeffect.+Themorehestudiesascrupulousimitation,thelesshiscopywillreflecttheeaseandspiritoftheoriginal.+…hemustadopttheverysoulofhisauthor,whichmustspeakthroughhisownorgans.首先他扬弃传统的翻译二分法(dichotomies)，斯内尔霍恩比指出：西方翻译史上最有影响力的概念是古老的词/义二分法。传统译论从未能真正解决这一问题就连当今的翻译研究也为其困扰不休。而泰特勒尽量回避二分法凡是容易引起争议的术语如直译(Literaltranslation)，意译(freetranslation)等他都一概不用。其次他澄清并深化了人们对“译者是画家”这一比喻的认识。他认为译者的工作（和画家）完全不同。译者虽然用的不是与原作相同的色彩但必须给其“画面”以同样的力量和效果。译者不能照搬原作的笔法而必须用自己的笔法来译出完美的“摹本”。他越是注意仔细摹拟就越不能表现出原作的流畅和神采。+Tytler’stranslationthoughtsmainlybasedonhispracticalexperienceandsubjectiveobservation.InhisbookEssayonthePrinciplesofTranslation”mainlyprovidedreaderswithsomepracticalmeansforsolvingtranslationproblems,suchasamplification,deletionandpolish.Somepeopleevensaythatthebookjustlookslikeatextbookdiscussingthetranslationarts;Atthesametime,fromhistranslationtheories,wecanseethatheimitatesothertranslators’theory,especiallyDryden.ItwasevenconsideredasplagiarismbyCampbell.Forexample,hisfirstprincipleThattheTranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork,whichissimilartoCampbell’saccuratelyreproducetheoriginalmeaning+泰特勒的翻译思想主要基于他本人的翻译实践经验和主观观察，他在《论翻译的原则》一书中提供给读者的主要是一些解决翻译问题的实用手段“如增词，减词，修改润色等翻译技巧”，有人甚至说它像一本探讨翻译艺术的教科书；同时从其翻译思想我们也可以看出，他过多地借用他人的理论，特别是德莱顿的，甚至被坎贝尔认为有剽窃之嫌。如他的翻译三原则的第一点“译作应完全复写出原作的思想”，这和坎贝尔的“准确地再现原作的意思”，极为相似。Itwillfollow:Ⅰ.ThattheTranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.即译文应完全复写出原作的思想Ⅱ.Thatthestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.即译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同Ⅲ.ThattheTranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoforiginalcomposition.就是译文与原作同样流畅+Tytler’sfirsttwolawsoftranslationconcernthetranslatorandtheoriginal,therearenootherconsiderations.Butwhenhedescribesagoodtranslationasoneinwhichthemeritoftheoriginalissocompletelytransfusedintoanotherlanguageastobeasdistinctlyapprehendedandasstronglyfeltbyanativeofthecountrytowhichthelanguagebelongsasitisbythosewhospeakthelanguageoftheoriginalwork,hebringsinanewfactor—thereader.——byPeterNewmark2020/1/29+泰特勒的翻译思想影响了其后的许多翻译家“(如马休阿诺德和我国的著名翻译家严复先生)。这可以通过对比他们的思