操作系统复习相关词汇

1.Overview•CPU–multiprocessor,multi-computer,distributedsystems(多重处理器、多处理器计算机、分布式系统)–Registers:PC,PSW–登记:电脑、PSW•Memory–Cost,accesstime,capacity–成本,读取时间,能力–Hierarchy–层级；等级制度•I/OCommunicationTechniques•I/O通信技术–ProgrammedI/O,Interrupt-drivenI/O,DMA,Channel–规划I/O,轮询I/O,DMA、渠道•Categoriesofcomputersystems•类别的计算机系统–Fromthescale:Mainframecomputer,Minicomputer,Microcomputer–从比例:主机电脑,小型计算机,微型计算机–FlynnTaxonomy—费林分类法•OperatingSystemObjectivesandFunctions•操作系统的目标和功能–Convenience便利–Efficiency效率–Abilitytoevolve能力|演进能力•TheEvolutionofOperatingSystems•操作系统的演化–Directinteractingwiththecomputerhardware–计算机硬件直接互动–Monitor–监视器–Simplebatchsystems–简单批量系统–MultiprogrammingorMultitasking–多道程序或多任务–ModernOperatingSystems–现代操作系统|作业系统•OperatingSystemTypes•内核–Real-TimeSystemTreal-timeprocessingsystemT即时系统|实时系统Treal-timecontrolsystemT实时控制系统TFeatures特征–Reliability–信度–Protectionforoverloading–超载保护–Abilitytocontrolthehuman-machineinteraction–控制人机交互能力–Interruptprocessing–中断处理中断处理技术–Timermanagement–中断处理中断处理技术•OperatingSystemTypes•内核–Batchprocessingsystem–批处理系统TFeaturesT产品特点，特征–Batched–成批的–Multiprogramming–多道程序设计–Thelackofinteractionbetweentheuserandthejob–缺乏互动的用户和工作–whileitisexecuting–当它执行–Time-sharingsystem–分时系统TFeaturesT产品特点，特征–Simultaneity–同时性同时–Interactivity–互动性–Sharing–共享–Monopolization–垄断专利•OperatingSystemTypes•内核–Distributedsystems–分布式系统TAdvantagesofdistributedsystems.T分布式系统的优点–ResourcesSharing–资源共享区–Computationspeedup–loadsharing–计算速度,负载共享–Reliability–可靠性–Communications–通信通讯TNetworkOperatingSystemT网络操作系统TDistributedOperatingSystemT分布式操作系统•ModernOperatingSystems•现代操作系统–WindowsNT–微软公司的网络操作系统视窗新技网络窗口–UNIX–一种多用户的计算机操作系统•OtherIssues•其他社会问题–SomeconceptsandTerms–一些概念与术语TUser,Program,Job,JobStepT用户、程序、工作、工作步骤TResourcesSharingT资源共享区TSequentialExecutionvs.ConcurrentExecutionofAProgramT序贯执行与一个程序的并行执行TMultiprogrammingT多道程序设计TRelocationT再定位重定位置TTimerandTimerQueueT定时器和定时器队列TPrimitiveT基元原语原始的•InterfacesofOperatingSystems•界面的操作系统–Usedforprograms–用于项目TConsistofasetofsystemcallT由一套系统调用–Usedforuserstocontroltheprocessing–用于用户控制加工TInterfacesforonlineusersT在线用户接口–Commandlineinterface–命令行界面–GUI–图形用户界面TInterfacesforofflineusersT离线用户接口–JobControlLanguage–作业控制语言–Jobcontrolcard(orjobcontroldescription)–工作控制卡(或工作控制描述)2.Processes•Process•活动进程统计流程进程•ProcessStates•过程状态–Two-StateProcessModel–候选过程模型–Five-StateModel–Five-State模型–Seven-StateModelwithTwoSuspendStates–Seven-State模型和两个暂停状态•Vectortables,codemobility•矢量表,代码流动•ProcessControlBlocks•进程控制块•TheTreeofProcesses•这棵树的过程2.Threads线程•Threadsvs.Processes•线程与过程•User-LevelThreadsandKernel-LevelThreads•用户级线程和内核级线程•ThreadCreation,ManipulationandSynchronization•线程创建、手段和同步3.Concurrency并发•mutualexclusionandsynchronization•相互排斥和同步•CompetitionAmongProcessesforResources•竞争过程对资源的需求•ControlProblems•控制问题–MutualExclusion–死锁条件互斥|互斥TcriticalsectionsT临界区|临界段|关键代码段–onlyoneprogramatatimeisallowedinitscriticalsection–一次只有一个程序在它的临界区是允许的–exampleonlyoneprocessatatimeisallowedtosendcommandtotheprinter–例如一次只有一个过程可以发送指令到打印机–Deadlock–死锁–Starvation–饿死•TheCritical-Section–ThePrinciplestodesigntheCritical-Section–设计Critical-Section原则TMutualExclusionT死锁条件互斥TProgressT进度TBoundedWaitingT有限等待–AlgorithmstosolvetheCritical-SectionProblem–Critical-Section算法来解决问题–SynchronizationHardware–同步Hardwa•Semaphores•信号–ClassicalProblemsofSynchronization–经典问题的不同步TProducer-ConsumerProblem(Bounded-BufferProblem)TProducer-Consumer问题(Bounded-Buffer问题)TReadersandWritersProblemT读者和作者问题TDining-PhilosophersProblemTDining-Philosophers问题•Monitors•监视器｜显示器•ProcessCommunication•过程通信｜进程通信｜进程通讯–MessagePassing–信息传递•SampleCode•示例代码｜范例程式5.DeadlockandStarvation死锁,饥饿•Concepts•基本概念•ConditionsforDeadlock•僵局条件–Mutualexclusion–死锁条件互斥–Hold-and-wait–Nopreemption–不可抢先|剥夺条件–Circularwait–循环等待•Prevention•预防–Staticallocation–静态分配|静态存储分配–Sequentialallocation–顺序配置•Avoidance•撤销|回避–Banker’sAlgorithm–银行的算法•Detection•检测|检验–Resource-AllocationGraph–资源分配图•Recovery•恢复–ProcessTermination–过程终止–ResourcePreemption–先分配6.Scheduling进度安排•.GoalsofScheduling•目标调度问题的–Quickresponsetime–快速响应时间–Fastthroughput–快速吞吐量–Processorefficiency–处理器效率•TypeofScheduling•类型的调度–Long-term–持续时间较长的–Medium-term–中期–Short-term–短期•DecisionMode•判定方式–Nonpreemptive–非抢占式–Preemptive–先占式多任务•SchedulingStrategies•调度策略–FCFS–先来先服务–Priorities–优先等级|优先顺序–Round-Robin(RR)–循环的–ShortestJobFirst(SJF)–优先法–ShortestRemainingTimeFirst–最短时间先做–HighestResponseRatioFirst–响应比第一个最高–MultipleFeedbackQueues–多重反馈排队7.Memorymanagement内存管理•Requirements•要求–Relocation–再定位|重定位置–Protection–防护|保障–Sharing–共享–LogicalOrganization–逻辑组织|逻辑布局–PhysicalOrganization–物理组织|实体组织•Partitioning•分区|分块–FixedPartitioning–固定分区–DynamicPartitioning–动态分区TDynamicPartitioningPlacementAlgorithmT动态分区布局算法–Best-fitalgorithm–最佳适应算法–First-fitalgorithm–首次适应算法–CircularFirst-fit(Next-fit)–循环First-fit•Paging•分页|页式调度–AddressTranslationinaPagingSystem–地址转换在一个页面调度系统–Relocation–再定位|重定位置–PageTables–[计算机]页面表•Segmentation•分段–AddressTranslationinaSegmentationSystem–在分割地址转换系统8.Virtualmemory虚拟内存•PrincipleofLocality•局部性原理•SwappingandOverlay•交换和覆盖•Demandpaging•请求页面调度–FetchPolicy–页策略–PlacementPolicy–放置策略–ReplacementPolicy–置换策略TOptim