医学专业英语课件_19

TheCancerKillerYaoQiangRenalDivision,RenjiHospital,SSMU2005.5WordsintheshortTreatmentwithdrugsthatkillcancercells.ChemotherapyTheuseofhigh-energyradiationfromx-rays,gammarays,neutrons,andothersourcestokillcancercellsandshrinktumors.RadiotherapyRadiationmaycomefromamachineoutsidethebody(external-beamradiationtherapy),oritmaycomefromradioactivematerialplacedinthebodynearcancercells(internalradiationtherapy,implantradiation,orbrachytherapy).Systemicradiotherapyusesaradioactivesubstance,suchasaradiolabeledmonoclonalantibody,thatcirculatesthroughoutthebody.Alsocalledradiationtherapy.Treatmentusingmorethanoneanticancerdrug.Chemicalcombination(combinationchemotherapy)WordsintheshortCancerthatstartsinblood-formingtissuesuchasthebonemarrow,andcauseslargenumbersofbloodcellstobeproducedandenterthebloodstream.LeukemiaAbnormalcellsthatareconfinedtotheductsorlobulesinthebreast.BreastcancerAmalignantdiseaseofthelymphaticsystemthatischaracterizedbypainlessenlargementoflymphnodes,thespleen,orotherlymphatictissue.Othersymptomsmayincludefever,weightloss,fatigue,ornightsweats.AlsocalledHodgkin'slymphoma.HodgkindiseaseThyroidcancerSkincancerWordsintheshortInmedicine,animprovementrelatedtotreatmentResponse有反应Thereturnofsignsandsymptomsofcancerafteraperiodofimprovement.Relapse复发Adecreaseinordisappearanceofsignsandsymptomsofcancer.Remission缓解Inpartialremission,some,butnotall,signsandsymptomsofcancerhavedisappeared.Incompleteremission,allsignsandsymptomsofcancerhavedisappeared,althoughcancerstillmaybeinthebody.Acellfromwhichothertypesofcellsdevelop.Bloodcellsdevelopfromblood-formingstemcells.Stemcells干细胞Bonemarrowtransplantation骨髓移植Breakthrough突破Lifethreatening威胁生命WordsintheshortCancerthatdoesnotrespondtotreatment.Drugresistant抗药物性AnychangeintheDNAofacell.Mutation突变Mutationsmaybecausedbymistakesduringcelldivision,ortheymaybecausedbyexposuretoDNA-damagingagentsintheenvironment.Mutationscanbeharmful,beneficial,orhavenoeffect.Iftheyoccurincellsthatmakeeggsorsperm,theycanbeinherited;ifmutationsoccurinothertypesofcells,theyarenotinherited.Certainmutationsmayleadtocancerorotherdiseases.Adoctorwhospecializesintreatingcancer.Oncologist肿瘤学家Someoncologistsspecializeinaparticulartypeofcancertreatment.Forexample,aradiationoncologistspecializesintreatingcancerwithradiationDonor捐者Interferon干扰素Interleukin白介素ThequestionsfortheshortWhatisthemeaningofcancerkiller?Wherewastheword“cancer”from?Howmanytherapiestothecancer?VincentTDeVita,Jr,MDDrDeVitaearnedhisBScattheCollegeofWilliamandMaryin1957andhisMDdegreeatGeorgeWashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicinein1961.DrDeVitawasinstrumentalindevelopingcombinationchemotherapyprogramssuchasthefour-drugcombinationknownbytheacronymMOPP,whichledtotheeffectiveregimenofpotentiallycurativechemotherapyforHodgkin'sdiseaseanddiffuselarge-celllymphomas.isthefirstappointeetothepostof'TheAmyandJosephPerellaProfessorofMedicine'atYaleUniversity,inrecognitionofhisoutstandingcontributionstocancerresearchandtreatment.DrDeVitaandhiscolleaguesplayedamajorroleindevelopingsimilartreatmentsforotherlymphomasandforovarianandbreastcancers.TheFredHutchinsonCancerResearchCenterTheFredHutchinsonCancerResearchCenterisaworldleaderinresearchtounderstand,treatandpreventcancerandotherlife-threateningdiseases.WhoisFredHutchinson?TheFredHutchinsonCancerResearchCenterwasfoundedbyDr.WilliamHutchinsoninhonorofhisbrother,Fred,aformermajorleaguebaseballplayerandmanager,whodiedoflungcanceratage45.TheHutchAwardispresentedannuallytoamajorleaguebaseballplayerwhoexemplifiesthefightingspiritandcompetitivedesireofFredHutchinson.NobellaureatesinthecenterNobelPrizeinphysiologyormedicine(2004)NobelPrizeinphysiologyormedicine(2001)NobelPrizeinphysiologyormedicine(1990)MedicalBreakthroughsandResearchFirstsTransplantationBone-marrowtransplantation,whichhasprovidedacuretothousandsofleukemiapatientsworldwideandboostedsurvivalratesfromnearlyzerotoashighas80percent.Mini-transplantation,alesstoxicformofstem-celltransplantationthatofferslifesavingtreatmenttoolderpeopleandthoseunabletotoleratetherigorsofhigh-dosetreatmentregimens.Applicationofstem-celltransplantationtoavarietyofcancersandgeneticandimmunedisorderssuchasmultiplesclerosis,sclerodermaandlymphoma.MedicalBreakthroughsandResearchFirstsWorld-wideImpactFredHutchinsontrainsphysiciansfrommanycountriesinbone-marrowandstem-celltransplantation,whichmakestheselifesavingtherapiesavailabletotensofthousandsofpatientseachyear.Morethan300graduateandpostdoctoralstudentsarealsotrainedatthecentereachyear.Thecentertreatspatientsfromallovertheworld.Morethan8,000bone-marrowandstem-celltransplantshavebeenperformedatFredHutchinsonanditstreatmentpartnership,theSeattleCancerCareAlliance.Morethan1millionpeopleworldwidehaveparticipatedinpublic-healthstudiesledbyFredHutchinsonresearchers.Thecentercancerpreventionresearchprogramisamodelforotherinstitutionsaroundtheglobe.FredHutchinsonisthecoordinatingsiteformanynationalandinternationalresearchstudies,suchastheWomenHealthInitiative,themostfar-reachingst