腹腔镜下肾肿瘤的NSS手术广东省人民医院泌尿外科刘久敏保留肾单位手术肾部分切除术(partialnephrectomy,PN)(Nephron-sparingSurgery,NSS)肾楔形切除术,肾极切除,半肾切除手术方式:或称:手术方法:开放性,腹腔镜下(LNSS)一:概念1:Czerny,1890:首次报道NSS2:UzzoandNovick,2001:NSS的优点3:Gilletal.2002,2003,2005:微创途径,技巧,并发症预防二:历史Herr,2005开放性NSS的安全性(与根治术比较):1:肿瘤学角度上看:局限性RCC行NSS与根治术的结果是一致的2:长期追踪显示:肾功能保护好,减少心血管事件的发生,降低总死亡率3:并发症发生率:NSS比根治术轻微升高,但可耐受三:现状MillerDC,.Cancer.2008VanPoppelH,.EurUrol.2007Al-MarhoonMS.SultanQaboosUnivMedJ.2010SmallIncidentalRenalMassesinAdults:Reviewoftheliterature.Incidentalrenaltumoursarebecominganimportantclinicalproblemthatmanyphysicianswillneedtodealwith.Agoodknowledgeofthenatureofthesetumoursandhowtomanagethemisthereforeneeded.肾脏小肿瘤是一个很重要的问题:传统上,原发瘤大小3cm的转移可以忽略现在认为,转移与肿瘤大小,组织学特性有关即使很小的肿瘤,随访过程也要告知转移可能Istherearoleforpartialnephrectomyinpatientswithmetastaticrenalcellcarcinoma56,011patientsbetween1988and2005diagnosedwithRCC.Fourpercentofpatientswithtumorslessthan2cmand5%ofpatientswithtumorsbetween2and3cmpresentedwithmetastaticdisease.Thosewhounderwentpartialnephrectomywere0.49timeslesslikelytodieofRCCthanthosewhounderwentradicalnephrectomy(95%CI0.35–0.69,P0.001).N.J.Hellenthaletal.UrologicOncology2011NSS价值的深入认识:1988-2005年,56011例,15%有转移,转移机会:2cm:4%,2-3cm:5%即使有转移可能,NSS的RCC死亡率比RN低0.49倍SurvivalafterpartialandradicalnephrectomyforthetreatmentofstageT1bN0M0renalcellcarcinoma(RCC)intheUSA:apropensityscoringapproach.NSS手术:从小肿瘤到更大更复杂肿瘤PartialnephrectomyhasbecomethestandardofcareforT1arenaltumours,andtheapplicationofnephron-sparingtechniqueshasincreasinglybeenexpandedtopatientswithlocalizedT1bcancers.Badalatoet,al.BJUInt.2011结论:NSS可能成为T1bRCC的理想手术方式(还需前瞻性研究证实)11256例4-7cm的RCC(1998-2007年)1047例(9.3%)行PN,其余行RN观察指标:总生存率(OS)、肿瘤特异生存率(CSS)结果:PN和RN的生存率均没有差异Laparoscopicpartialnephrectomy:beyondthestraightforwardT1a.LPNcanbesafelyextendedbeyondthesingle,small,peripheralT1arenalmass.Inthisseries,morecomplexmasseswereeffectivelytreatedwithLPNcombiningtheadvantagesofminimally-invasivesurgerytothoseofnephron-sparingapproach.Tsivianet,al.BJUInt.2012NSS手术:从小肿瘤到更大更复杂肿瘤LPN手术150例,分两组:组1:T1a组(单发4cm,n=84)组2:复杂组(多发,和/或肾门,和/或4cm,n=66)结果:组2手术时间较组1长(190vs140min,P0.001),出血量,热缺血时间,术中术后并发症两组没有明显差异Complicationsafterradicalandpartialnephrectomyasafunctionofage.NSS手术:并发症不受年龄影响Wefoundnoevidencethatelderlypatientsexperienceaproportionallyhighercomplicationrate,longeroperativetimesorhigherestimatedbloodlossfrompartialnephrectomythandoyoungerpatients.Giventheadvantagesofrenalfunctionpreservationweshouldexpandtheuseofnephronsparingtreatmenttorenaltumorsinelderlypatients.LowranceWTetal.JUrol.20101712例RCC,651例(38%)RN,1,061例(62%)PN结果:两种手术方式的并发症,出血量,手术时间均与年龄没有结论:NSS一样可安全应用于老年人Safetyandoutcomesofsurgicaltreatmentofrenalcellcarcinomaintheelderly.Despitealongerlengthofstay,renalsurgeryissafeinselectedelderlypatientswithminimalcomorbidityandgoodfunctionalstatus.Theelderlyhavereducedbaselinerenalfunctionindicatingnephronsparingshouldbechosenwheneverpossible,whensurgicalinterventioniselected.O'MalleyRLet,al.CanJUrol.2012NSS手术:并发症不受年龄影响347例RCC,分两组:273例75岁,74例75岁观察:NSS和RN,并发症发生率,总生存率和肿瘤特异生存率,肾功能等情况结果:高龄组比低龄组住院时间长,pT3机会高,基础肾功能差(均为p0.001)并发症和生存情况没明显差别(p0.001)结论:老年人条件合适者应尽量NSSNSS肿瘤学效果Systematicreviewofoncologicaloutcomesfollowingsurgicalmanagementoflocalisedrenalcancer.MacLennanS,etalEurUrol.2012询证医学证据:局限性RCC(T1-2N0M0)4580摘要和389篇全文:1:NSS比其他手术方式具有相等或更好效果;2:腹腔镜的NSS或RN手术效果比开放性手术好;全身麻醉。取侧卧位。后腹腔镜途径入路。以bulldog阻断肾动脉。电刀或超声刀切除肿瘤及周围肾组织,完整切下肿瘤。创面以可吸收线(或免打结缝线)缝合,喷洒生物蛋白胶。开放肾蒂血管,观察无出血后,结束手术。四:手术要点五:手术并发症血管损伤脏器损伤皮下气肿气体栓塞充血性心力衰竭尿囊肿完全肾切除套管针部位感染气胸/张力性气胸肺水肿肿瘤破碎输血肺炎肾功能不全NSS并发症六:热点问题1:肿瘤切缘大小:安全切缘:1cm、0.5cm、0.3cm、0.1cm?目前认为:只要切干净(切缘阴性),大小与复发关系不大(证据:3)SutherlandSE,etal.JUrol2002.AkcetinZ,etal.AnticancerRes,2005BensalahK,etal.EurUrol.2010单纯缝合与镜下打结2:缝合止血技术:缝合方法:免打结缝合线带倒刺可吸收线(自我锚定线)国外研究认为热缺血时间30min对肾肾功能损害不大,阻断时间极限控制在40min内。3:热缺血时间:SimmonsMN,etal.JUrol2008GodoyG,etal.JUrol2009LaneBR,etal.JUrol.2008GillIS,etal.JUrol2007腹腔镜下NSS热缺血时间高于开放NSS,对孤立肾,有暂时或长期透析可能术中辅助肾功能保护措施(冰屑局部降温、使用肌苷),热缺血的极限时间可得到延长。不阻断肾血管:肾皮质夹Selectiverenalparenchymalclampinginretroperitonealpartialnephrectomy.NozakiTet,al.JLaparoendoscAdvSurgTechA.2012RegionalrenalparenchymalclampingduringRPNcanbesafelyandeffectivelyusedtocreateabloodlessoperativefield.Thistechniquefacilitatesmaximalnephron-sparingsurgeryforpatientswithananatomicallyorfunctionallysolitarykidney,withoutinvolvingwarmischemia.thistechniquefacilitatesmaximalnephron-sparingsurgeryforpatientswithananatomicallyorfunctionallysolitarykidney,withoutinvolvingwarmischemia不阻断肾血管:控制性降低血压Laparoscopicandroboticpartialnephrectomywithcontrolledhypotensiveanesthesiatoavoidhilarclamping:feasibility,safetyandperioperativefunctionaloutcomes.PapaliaRet,al.JUrol.201260例RCC:腹腔镜肾部分切除40例,机器人辅助肾部分切除20例:平均手术时间2小时(1-3.5小时)平均失血200ml(30-700ml)平均住院日3天(3-8天)平均动脉压控制在65mmHg(55-70mmHg)平均降压时间14分钟(7-16分钟)七:手术后复发转移局部复发转移复发时间T1N0M00%4.4%-----------T2N0M02%5.3%48mT3N0M010.6%14.9%6~24m根据1977AJCC分类,T1≤2.5cm,T2≥2.5cmClevelandClinic,Hafezeral.,1997八:手术后随访孤立肾-----NSS随访超滤过损伤局灶节段性肾小球硬化症蛋白尿(最初表现)肾功能不全蛋白尿:与随访时间长短-----正相关剩余肾单位数目-----负相关孤立肾-----NSS随访预防和改善:1.饮食调节2.药物干预:ACEI血栓