搜索
Chapter4Syntax1.ImmediateConstituentAnalysis(直接成分分析法)DefinitionItmaybedefinedas:theanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents---wordgroups(orphrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentsarereached.However,forthesakeofconvenience,inpracticeweusuallystopatthelevelofword.Theimmediateconstituentanalysisofasentencemaybecarriedoutwithbracketsorwithatreediagram.直接成分分析法先把句子分析为直接成分---词组（或短语），再把这些直接成分依次切分，得到各自的直接成分，层层切分，直到最终成分为止。实际操作中，为了方便，通常切到词为止。直接成分分析法可以用括弧或树形图表示。Advantages：ThroughICanalysis,theinternalstructureofasentencemaybedemonstratedclearly,ambiguities,ifany,willberevealed.通过IC分析法，句子的内在结构可以清晰地展示出来，如果有歧义，也会被揭示出来。Problems①Atthebeginning,someadvocatorsinsistedonbinarydivisions.Anyconstruction,atanylevel,willbecutintotwoparts.Butthisisnotalwayspossible.开始的时候，一些提倡者坚持二元切分。任何结构体在任何层面都分为两个部分。但实际上并不总是如此。②ConstructionswithdiscontinuousconstituentswillposetechnicalproblemsfortreediagramsinICanalysis.ThemostseriousproblemisthattherearestructuralambiguitieswhichcannotberevealedbyICanalysis.含有不连续成分的结构体会给IC分析法的树形图造成技术困难。最严重的问题是有些结构的歧义不能用IC分析法来揭示和分析。2.Deepstructure&Surfacestructure(深层结构&表层结构)2.1Deepstructure(深层结构)Thedeepstructureistheabstractrepresentationofthesyntacticpropertiesofaconstruction,i.e.theunderlyinglevelofstructuralrelationsbetweenitsdifferentconstituents.深层结构是对一个结构体的句法属性的抽象描述，即不同成分之间的结构关系的潜在层面。2.2Surfacestructure（表层结构）Thesurfacestructureisthefinalstageinthesyntacticderivationofaconstruction,whichcloselycorrespondstothestructuralorganizationofaconstructionpeopleactuallyproduceandreceive.表层结构是结构体句法派生过程的最后阶段，与人们实际发送、接受的结构组织相符合。3.Thefunctionalapproach/ThePragueSchool（功能学派/布拉格语言学派）3.1Functionalsentenceperspective(FSP)Thefunctionalsentenceperspective(FSP)isatypeoflinguisticanalysisassociatedwiththePragueSchoolwhichdescribeshowinformationisdistributedinsentences.FSPdealsparticularlywiththeeffectofthedistributionofknowninformationandnewinformationindiscourse.Theme:Theknowninformation(knownastheme),referstoinformationthatisnotknowntothereaderorlistener.主位指“已知的信息或至少在给定的语境中明确的，话语起点前的信息。”Rheme:Therhemereferstoinformationthatisnew，itcanberegardedas“whatthespeakerstatesabout,orinregardto,thestartingpointoftheutterance”.(述位是指“说话者陈述的有关，或者涉及话语起点的内容。”)FSPdiffersfromthetraditionalgrammaticalanalysisofsentencesbecausethedistributionbetweensubject-predicateisnotalwaysthesameastheme-rhemecontrast.E.g.(1)JohnsatinthefrontseatSubjectpredicateThemerheme(2)InthefrontseatsatJohn.PredicatesubjectThemerheme(3)Themanisrunning.subjectPredicateThemerhemeJohnisthegrammaticalsubjectinbothsentences,butthemein(1)andrhemein(2).3.2.Communicativedynamism(CD)（交际动力）ByCDFirbasmeanstheextenttowhichthesentenceelementcontributestothedevelopmentofthecommunication.（Firbas用交际动力表示“句子成分对交际发展所起作用的程度。”）1)Ideationalfunction(概念功能)Itisoneofthefunctionsoflanguage，whichmeansthatlanguageservesfortheexpressionof“content”:thatis,throughthespeaker’sexperienceoftherealworld,includingtheinnerworldofhisownconsciousness.(语言的功能之一，指语言用来表达“内容”，即表达说话者的现实世界经验，包括其自我意识的内心世界。)2)Interpersonalfunction(人际功能)Itisoneofthefunctionsoflanguage,throughwhichsocialgroupsaredelimited,andindividualsareidentifiedandreinforced,sincebyenablinghimtointeractwithotherslanguagealsoservesintheexpressionanddevelopmentofhisownpersonality.(语言的功能之一，指通过这种功能人们被划分成社会群体，个人身份得到确认和加强，因为借助语言和其他人交往时，语言也使人的个性得到表达和发展。)3)Textualfunction(语篇功能)Itisoneofthefunctionsoflanguagewhichenablesthespeakerorwritertoconstruct“text”,orconnectpassagesofdiscoursethatissituationallyrelevant;andenablesthemtodistinguishatextfromrandomsetofsentences.(语言的功能之一，指语言那种使说话者或作者有能力构造“语篇”或者跟语境相关的连续话语并且使他们有能力把语篇和随意的句子组合区分开来的能力。)4.SyntagmaticandParadigmaticrelations4.1Syntagmaticrelation（组合关系）Syntagmaticrelationisarelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequence,orbetweenelementswhichareallpresent,suchastherelationbetweenweatherandtheothersinthefollowingsentence:Iftheweatherisnice,we’llgoout.（组合关系是指一个词项和同一序列中的其他词项之间的关系或者说是共现的所有成分之间的关系。）4.2Paradigmaticrelation(聚合关系)Paradigmatic(a.k.a.vertical/choice)relationisarelationbetweenelementsreplaceablewitheachotherataparticularplaceinastructure,orbetweenoneelementpresentandtheothersabsent.（聚合关系或称联想关系，是指在结构的某个位置彼此可以互相替换的成分之间的关系。）5.Endocentricandexocentricconstructions(向心结构&离心结构)5.1Endocentricconstruction（向心结构）Itisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.Typicalendocentricconstructionsarenounphrases,verbphrasesandadjectivephrases.Theymaybefurtherdividedintotwosubtypes:subordinateandcoordinateconstructions.(向心结构包含一个作为整体结构的中心或核心的成分，典型的向心结构包括名词短语、动词短语和形容词短语。可以从结构上分为两类：主从结构和并列结构.)Those,inwhichthereisonlyonehead,withtheheadbeingdominantandtheotherconstructionsdependent,aresubordinateconstructions.(凡是结构中只有一个支配性主词，其他成分是该主词的修饰成分，这样的结构成为主从向心结构)Inthecoordinateconstruction,therearemorethanonehead,e.g.boysandgirls,inwhichthetwocontentconstituents,boysandgirls,areofequalsyntacticstatus,andnooneisdependentontheother.(凡是结构中有一个以上句法地位相等的主词，互不依靠，这样的结构称为并列向心结构。