胡壮麟语言学总复习ppt

ContentsChapter1LanguageandLinguisticsChapter2SpeechSounds:phoneticsandPhonologyChapter3WordsandMorphologyChapter4Sentences:SyntaxChapter5Meaning:SemanticsChapter6Meaninginuse:PragmaticsChapter7Language,CultureandThoughtChapter8LanguageAcquisitionandLearningChapter9SchoolsoflinguisticsChapter1LanguageandLinguistics1.1LanguageandHuman1.2Designfeaturesoflanguage1.3FunctionsofLanguage1.4Linguisticsanditsbranches1.5BasicConceptsinlinguistics1.1DefinitionoflanguageIntheTextbookLanguageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisinstrumentalinthatcommunicatingbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulact.Itissocialandconventionalinthatlanguageisasocialsemioticandcommunicationcanonlytakeplaceeffectivelyifalltheusersshareabroadunderstandingofhumaninteractionincludingsuchassociatedfactorsasnonverbalcures,motivation,andsocial-culturalrolesLanguage:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.1.2DesignfeaturesoflanguageDesignfeatures:Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Arbitrariness/Productivity/Duality/Displacement/CulturaltransmissionArbitrarinessArbitrarinessreferstothepropertyoflanguagewhichrevealsthatthereisnodirectnaturallinkbetweenthelinguisticformanditsmeaning.However,languageisnotentirelyarbitrary.Therearewordswhicharecreatedintheimitationofsounds.Butthenon-arbitrarywordsarequitelimitedinnumber.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?Why?Languageisarbitraryinnature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary,becausetherearealimitednumberofwordswhoseconnectionsbetweenformsandmeaningscanbelogicallyexplainedtoacertainextent,forexample,theonomatopoeia,wordswhicharecoinedonthebasisofimitationofsoundsbysoundssuchasbang,crash,etc..Takecompoundsforanotherexample.Thetwoelements“photo”and“copy”in“photocopy”arenon-motivated,butthecompoundisnotarbitrary.ProductivityProductivityreferstothepropertyoflanguagewhichenableslanguagetogeneratenewutterancesbyitsusers.Thepropertyoflanguageenablesustoexpressourunlimitedandnewideas.Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsappeartobehighlyrestrictedwithrespecttothenumberofdifferentsignalsthattheiruserscansendandreceive.DualityDualityisthenatureoflanguagewhichshowsthatlanguageisasystemandconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless,discrete,individualsounds.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbecombinedaccordingtorulesintounitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemesandwords,which,atthehigherlevel,canbearrangedintosentences.Thisdualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.Noanimalcommunicationsystemhasdualityorevencomesneartopossessingit.DisplacementDisplacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeakerAnimalcallsaremainlyutteredinresponsetoimmediatechangesofsituation.CulturaltransmissionCulturaltransmissionisthepropertyoflanguagewhichrequiresushumantolearnalanguage.Humanbeingswerebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage.Thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmittedorpasseddownbyinstinct.Theyhavetobetaughtandlearned,butanimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.DiscretenessDiscretenessisthepropertyoflanguagewhichenablesthespeakersofalanguagetoidentifythesoundelementsinitswords.Eachsoundisdiscreteanddistinctandthuscanbecombinedtogethertomakedifferentforms.Itisthestructuralfeatureoflanguagethatwordsaremadeupofelementalsounds1.3FunctionsoflanguageMalinowski:pragmaticfunction;magicalfunction;phaticfunctionJakobson:referential,poetic,emotive,conative,phatic,metaligualfunctionHalliday:metafunctions:ideationalfunction;interpersonalfunction;textualfunction1.4LinguisticsanditsbranchesBasicbranchesoflinguisticsPhonetics:speechsoundsPhonology:rulesinspeechsoundsMorphology:wordsandtheirformationSyntax:rulesofsentencesSemantics:meaningGrammarPhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemanticsOtherbranchesoflinguisticsPragmaticsAnthropologicallinguisticsPsycholinguisticsSociolinguisticsNeurolinguisticsAppliedlinguisticsComputationallinguistics1.5SomeconceptsinLinguisticsDescriptivevsprescriptiveSynchronicvsdiachronicSpeechandwritingLangueandparoleCompetenceandperformance1)PrescriptiveandDescriptivePrescriptivismprescribesrulesofwhatiscorrect.ItcreatesrulesofgrammarDescriptivismdescribethewaypeopleactuallyspeakandwritetheirlanguage,nottoprescribehowtheyoughttospeakorwrite.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedonhigh(religious,literary)writtenlanguage.Itsetsgrammaticalrulesandimposestherulesonlanguageusers.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;Itcollectsauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedataandthenitstudiesanddesc