American Society and Culture

AmericanSocietyandCultureU.S.History1ColonialReligion•PuritanColonies–NewEngland•Non-DenomiationalMiddleColonies–ButstrongQuakerinfluenceinPenn.andN.J.•CatholicColonies–Md.,andSpanish/Frenchregions•AnglicanColonies–TheSouthPuritanReligioninMassachusetts•Ineverytown,thecommunitychurchhadcompletelibertytostandalone,–NotboundtoAnglicanhierarchyorritual•Eachcongregationchoseitsownministerandregulateditsownaffairs—Congregationalchurch•Ministersworkedcloselywithgovernment–Ministershadnoformalpoliticalpower,butexertedgreatinfluenceonchurchmembers•Onlychurchmemberscouldholdgovernmentoffice–Governmentprotectedtheministers,taxedmembersandnon-membersaliketosupportthechurch,andenforcedthelawrequiringattendanceatservicesRogerWilliams•WilliamsacontroversialyoungPuritanminister–aSeparatist–proclaimedthatthelandthecolonistsoccupiedbelongedtothenatives–advocatedsexualequality•ColonialgovernmentconsideredWilliamsadangerousmanandvotedtodeporthim–escapedbeforetheycouldsendhimbacktoEngland•1635-1636,hetookrefugewiththeNarragansetts–1636,heboughtatractoflandfromthem,andwithafewfollowers,createdthetownofProvidenceRhodeIsland•Williamsadvocatedcompletefreedomofworshipanddeniedgovernmentanyauthorityoverreligiouspractice.•1644,heobtainedacharterfromParliamentempoweringhimtoestablishasinglegovernmentforthevarioussettlementsaroundProvidence–RhodeIsland•BasedgovernmentontheMass.pattern,butdidnotrestrictthevotetochurchmembersnortaxthepeopleforchurchsupport.•Foratime,RhodeIslandwastheonlycolonyinwhichallfaiths(includingJudaism)couldworshipwithoutinterference.AnneHutchinson•EmigratedtoMass.in1634•1635,begantoholdSundayprayerdiscussionsafterchurch•arguedthatallpersonscouldbesaved,notjustthe“chosen”—antinomianism•ShewastriedbytheChurchandfoundguiltyofheresy,seditionandrolereversal•Toldthat,“YouhaveratherbineaHusbandthanaWife,andaPreacherthanaHearer,andaMagistratethanasubject.”Connecticut•1635,ThomasHooker,ledhiscongregationoutofMass.toestablishthetownofHartford.–1639,FundamentalOrdersofConnecticutestablished•NewHavenwasestablishedbyPuritansupsetwithwhattheyconsideredtheincreasingreligiouslaxityinMassachusetts.–FundamentalArticlesofNewHaven(1639)establishedaBible-basedgovernmentevenstricterthanthatofMassachusettsBay.•NewHavenremainedindependentuntil1662,whenitcameunderthecontroloftheHartfordcolony,renamedConnecticutCrisesinPuritanNewEngland•Puritan(orCongregational)churchessufferedanumberofcrisesinlate-17thc.–Decliningchurchmembership•HalfwayCovenant–Lackofdoctrinalconformity•ChurchsynodsinMass.–Oppositiontoestablishedstatus–SalemWitchTrialsReligionintheMiddleColonies•NoestablishedchurchdominatedintheMiddleColonies–Diversepopulationanddoctrinesofreligioustolerationallowedmanydenominations•1750,regionhadmorecongregationspercapitathananyothercolonialregion,evenNewEnglandTheQuakerColonies•PennsylvaniawasbornoutoftheeffortsofTheSocietyofFriendstofindahome•WilliamPenn,thesonofaBritishadmiral,andalandlordofIrishestates,wasthepatron–ConvertedtoQuakerism,Pennbecameanevangelist,wassentrepeatedlytoprison,andbecameconvincedoftheneedofaQuakercolony•In1681,afterthedeathofhisfather,heinheritedhisfather’slandsandalsohisfather'sclaimtoalargedebtfromtheking.–CharlesIIpaidthedebtwithagrantofterritory•PennwasbothlandlordandrulerofthecolonyReligionintheSouthernColonies•AnglicanismtheestablishedreligioninallS.colonies–Hadofficialgovernmentsanction,andpublicfundspaidtheclergy–ThosenotmembersoftheAnglicanChurchwerelabeledas“dissenters”•ProblemsfortheAnglicanchurchintheSouth–Shortageoftrainedclergy–Lackofleadership•noAnglicanbishopinN.America–Parishesthatwerevastandsparselysettled.–FrontierregionsoftenlackedAnglicanchurches•Abreedinggroundfor“dissenting”sectsCatholicismintheColonies•FrenchandSpanishinfluence–Louisiana,FloridaandNewMexico–ConversionoftheIndians•MarylandandPennsylvaniahadlargestCatholicpopulationsintheEnglishcoloniesMaryland•MarylandemergedfromdesireofEnglishCatholicstoescapediscrimination.–ThecolonywasthedreamofGeorgeCalvert•March1634,twoshipsbearingabout300passengersestablishedthevillageofSt.Mary's•CalvertsoonrealizedthatCatholicswouldalwaysbeaminorityinthecolony.–“ActConcerningReligion,”(1649)assuredfreedomofworshiptoallMarylandChristiansDenominationalism•Mostcolonieshadestablishedchurches–Butcivilandecclesiasticalauthoritieshadadifficulttimeenforcingreligiousauthorityby1700•Denominationalism—thespreadofcompetingchurches—aroseinthecoloniesinthe18thcentury–Baptists,Methodists,Moravians,Reformists,Moravians,LutheransallcompetedwithestablishedchurchesformembersTheFirstGreatAwakening•Transatlanticreligiousrevival,whichfirsttouchedtheMiddleColoniesinthe1730s.•GeorgeWhitfield—catalystofGreatAwakening–EnglishpreacherwhocametoAmericain1738.–playedonfeelingsofhisaudience—religiousemotionalism–“FireandBrimstone”sermons–tentrevivals•Whitfield’sstylecopiedbyothers–JonathanEdwards“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod”ImpactoftheGreatAwakening•DivisionsinAmericanProtestantism–“OldLights”—opponentsofGreatAwakening–“NewLights”—supportersofGreatAwakening•NewProtestantsect