American-modernism--美国现代主义

AmericanLiteratureModernismSectionOneAmericanModernismSectionTwoModernPoetrySectionThreeAmericanDramaSectionFourModernNovelsAmericanModernism(1918—1945)AmericanModernismBackgroundsofAmericanModernismDefinitionandFeaturesofAmericanModernismBackgroundofModernism1TheEffectoftheFirstWorldWarandtheGreatDepression:2NewTheoriesandIdeasa.German:KarlMarxandNietzscheb.Austrian:SigmundFreudc.WilliamJamesandCarlJungd.FrenchImpressionism,GermanExpressionism‘andCubismImpressionismExpressionismCubismDefinitionofModernismDuringthefirstdecadesofthe20thcenturymodernismbecameaninternationaltendencyinartandliterature.ItbeganinGermanyinthe1890s,andspreadworldwide,andendedintheearly1940s.Itincludedawiderangeofartisticexpressionssuchassymbolism,impressionism,post-impressionism,imagism,expressionismandsoon.Thedistinctivefeatureofliterarymodernismwasitsstrongandconsciousbreakwithtraditionalforms,perceptionsandtechniquesofexpression,anditsgreatconcernwithlanguageandallaspectsofitsmedium.AEzraPound(1885-1975)andImagistMovement(1909—1917)FollowersofPoundBT.S.Eliot(1888—1965)andNewPoetryMovementFollowersofEliotCE.E.Cummings(1894—1962)DThreeTypesofPoetsModernPoetryImagistMovementDefinitionofImagismThreeprinciplesofImagismExamplesofImagistpoetryTheImagistMovement(Imagism)LedbyEzraPoundandflourishedfrom1909to1917,themovementadvancedmodernisminartswhichconcentratedonreformingthemediumofpoetryasopposedtoRomanticism,especiallyTennyson'swordinessandhigh-flownlanguageinpoetry.ThethreeprinciplesfollowedbytheImagistswere:(1)Directtreatment(2)Economyofexpression(3)“FreeverseDirectTreatmentThesubjectofthepoemmustbeexpressedinsuchawayastoresembleitandreproduceitascloselyaspossible.Simplelanguagemustbeusedtocreateanimagewhichthereadercanimmediatelyseeinhisownimagination.Eachwordmustbeusedwithgreatexactitudetoproduceapreciseimageandnothingmore.EconomyofexpressionNowordmustbeusedwhichdoesnotcontributedirectlytotheimage.Thelanguagemustbeconcentrated.Theremustbenodrawingofconclusions,noexplanations.FreeverseNounnecessarywordsmaybeincludedinordertomakemeterorarhyme.Apoemshouldbecomposedwiththephrasingofmusic,notametronome.ExamplesofImagistPoemsInaStationoftheMetrobyEzraPoundTheRedWheelbarrowbyWilliamCarlosWilliamsInaStationoftheMetroTheapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;Petalsonawet,blackbough.EzraPoundTheRedWheelbarrowSomuchdependsuponaredwheelbarrowglazedwithrainwaterbesidethewhitechickensWilliamCarlosWilliamsEzraPound(1885—1972)埃兹拉.庞德HislifeHisworksHiscontributionHisLife(1)Bornin1885inHailey,IdahoBroughtupinPennsylvaniaStudiedRomancelanguagesatcollegeanduniversityIn1908sailedtoEuropeandfirstpoetryinVeniceArrivedinLondonandfoundedImagismIn1912editorof“Poetry”andblue-penciled“TheWasteLand”Hislife(2)In1913beganstudyingChineseLanguageandancientChinesecultureIn1914sponsoredVorticismIn1915finished“Cathay”andbeganworkingon“Cantos”“HomagetoSextusPropertiusin1917“HughSelwynMauberley”in1920TreasoninWorldWarTwoandreleasedin1958ReturnedtoItalyanddiedtherein1972HisworksPersonae(1909)《人物》Exultations(1909)《狂喜》Cathay(1915)译著《华夏》HomagetoSextusPropertius(1917)《向赛克斯特斯.普罗波蒂斯致敬》HughSelwynMauberley休.赛尔温.毛伯利(1920)TheCantos诗章TheABCReading(LiteraryEssay)AEstablishedImagismwithBritishpoetT.E.Hulmein1908;BSuggested3principlesforImagismwithRichardAldingtonandHildaDoolittleCSponsoredVorticismwithpainterWindhamLewisin1914;DLeadingroleinpoeticrenovationandrenaissanceinthefirst25yearsofthe20thcenturyEFatherofmodernAmericanpoetryHiscontributionNewPoetryMovementTheyears1912—1914witnessedtheappearanceofanewpoeticrevolution.Thenewpoetswroteapoetrythatdefiedmostoftheacceptedrules,anddealtwithsubjectswhichhadnotbeendealtwith.Theywroteinnewwaysandtechniques.Thenewversewasresponsivetothefragmentizednatureofmodernlife.T.S.Eliot(1888—1965)HislifeHisworksHiscontributionAbouthisworkHislifefamousAmericanpoet,playwrightandcriticmajorfigureinNewPoetryMovementakeytomodernBritishandAmericanpoetryBorninSt.Louis,Missouri;receivedagoodeducation,especiallywithclassicliterature;wenttoHarvardin1906;exploredthepoetryofthe17thMetaphysicalpoets;finishedTheLoveSongin1911;settleddowninEnglandin1915teaching,workingasabankclerk,writingbookreviews,sufferinganunhappymarriagewhilecomposingpoetry.HisworksPoems:TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrockJ.阿尔弗雷德.普鲁弗洛克的情歌Gerontion小老头TheWasteLand荒原TheHollowMen空心人Ash-Wednesday圣灰节FourQuartets四个四重奏Dramaticworks:SweeneyAgonistes;MurderintheCathedral;TheCocktailParty,TheConfidentialClerk;HiscontributionagiveroflawsandthearbiteroftasteinnewpoetryandcriticismaliterarydictatorinAmericanliteraryhistory.Hisbasicthemesofhiscriticismconcernedtherelationshipbetweentraditionandindividualtalent,andbetweenthepast,thepresentandthefuture.Hisfamousdoctrineonpoetsandpoetryisknownasthe“impersonaltheory”orthetheoryofimpersonalityandobjectivity.Oneofthethingsthatthistheoryemphasizesistherelationofapoemtothepoemsbyotherauthorsandsuggests“theconceptionofpoetryasalivingwholeofallthepoetrythathaseverbeenwritten”.Itexplainstheimportanceoftr