social study 11 notes

1Diplomacy外交educationThepurposeofgovernmenttoorganizesocietyforcommonactionsothattheneedsofeveryindividualcanbemet.Economicneeds:food,shelter,employment,tradeSocialneeds:healthcare,welfare福利(thegovernmenthelpsyouwhenyoucan’thelpyourself),educationLegalneeds:lowandorder,nationaldefense国防GovernmentinCanada3levelsofgovernment:FederalgovernmentProvincialgovernmentMunicipalgovernmentMayor市长Federal---thisisthegovernmentofallofCanadaProvincial---eachoftheCanadianprovinceshasitsowngovernmentMunicipal---localgovernmentattheurbanordistrictlevelFreedomandequalityFreedom:ThebeliefthattherightsofeachindividualinsocietyareofprimaryimportanceEquality:ThebeliefthatallindividualsinasocietyshouldbetreatedinthesamewayGovernmentattempttobalancefreedomandequality.PoliticalideologieshavedifferentbeliefsregardingtheimportanceoffreedomandequalityThebalanceoffreedomandequalityFreedomEqualityThepoliticalspectrumIThepoliticalspectrumisalinealongwhichareplacedthevariouspoliticalideologiesandpoliticalparties.Thislinehasacenter,aleftsideandarightsideTheextremeendsofthelinerepresentextremepoliticalbeliefswhilethecenterisassociatedwithmoremoderate中等的,适中的beliefsTheoriginsofthepoliticalspectrumareassociatedwiththeFrenchRevolutionConstitution----lawCentreLeftRightThepoliticalspectrumII2ThecenterofthepoliticalspectrumisassociatedwiththedemocraticformofgovernmentTheextremeendsofthelineonboththerightandtheleftaretotalitarian极权主义的informDemocracyDirectdemocracy,whereallcitizensparticipateingovernment,originatedwiththeancientGreeksInCanada,todaywepracticeindirectdemocracythroughelectedrepresentativeTotalitarianismTotalitarianformsofgovernmentarefoundattheextremeendsofthepoliticalspectrumonboththerightandtheleft.ThestateexercisestotalcontrolinthisformofgovernmentInatotalitarianregime政权theindividualexiststoservethestateThepoliticalspectrumIIIDemocraticTotalitariantotalitarianThepoliticalspectrumIVThepoliticalbeliefsoftheleftsideofthespectrumsupporteconomicequalityandchangeorprogressinsocietyTheextremeleftisassociatedwithcommunismSocialismandthesocialdemocraticpartiesarelocatedontheleftinsidethecircleSocialismLCRThepoliticalspectrumVTheleftwingsocialismCCommunismCommunismKarlMarxwrotethecommunistmanifesto共产宣言inwhichheindicatedthateconomicequalitywouldonlybeachievedafteraviolentrevolutionMarxbelievedthattheworkingpeopleorproletariat工人阶级wouldtakepowerfromtheircapitalistmasters资本主SocialismThesocialistsalsobelieveineconomicequalitybutonlyifitcanbeachievedthroughtheballotboxDemocraticsocialistpoliticalpartiescanbefoundinmostmoderndemocraticstates3includingCanadaThepoliticalspectrumVIPoliticalbeliefsontherightsideofthelinesupporttraditionandopposechangeinsociety(theydon’twanttochange)TheextremerightisassociatedwithFascism法西斯主义Becausethebeliefsofconservatism保守主义andliberalism自由主义aredemocratictheyarelocatedinsidethecircleFascismInGermanytheNationalSocialistPartyledbyHitler希特勒cametopowerin1933Nazi:Militarism军国主义ThepoliticalspectrumVIICentretorightwingLiberalismFascismConservatismThepoliticalspectrumVIIISocialismconservatismCommunismFascismLiberalismPoliticalparties---politicalpartiesderive(get)theirbeliefsfromthebasicpoliticalideologiesInademocracypoliticalpartiesarefoundinsidethecircleatthecenterofthepoliticalspectrumPoliticalpartiesmaybeleftorrightofcenterPoliticalpartiesarenotfixedinonelocationbutmaymoreleftorrightdependingoncurrentpublicopinionLiberalpartyPoliticalpartiesinCanadaCanadahaspoliticalpartiesatboththefederalandprovinciallevelsofgovernmentFederalandprovincialpartiesmayshareanamebutnotpoliciesInlargeurbanareaspoliticalpartiesmayalsocontrollocalgovernmentThefederalsystem410provinesand3territories(Yukon,Northwest,Nunavut)Branchesofgovernment1.Executive---tocarryoutandenforce实施laws2.Legislation---tomake,changeorrepeal废除laws3.Judiciary---tointerpret解释andapplylawsExecutive:Queen,governorgeneral(norealpower,justsignanddonothavepowertorefuse)Primeminister,Cabinet(realexecutive)Legislative：Senate,HouseofCommonsJudiciary:Supreme,CourtofCanada,FederalCourtofCanadaPrimeministerpickswhichonewillintheCabinetPrimeministerdoesthedecision,HouseofCommonsdothebigvotetothebigeventsinthestate.Senatereallylookatanddoit,makesureitisreallyOKParliament:TheparliamentofCanadahasthreecomponents1.Thegovernorgeneral2.TheHouseofCommons(thisoneisveryimportantanditwillelectthepeople)3.Thesenate(checkingtheHouseofCommons)Constitutionalmonarchy君主立宪制Canada’sheadofstateisQueenElizabethIIHerpowersaremostlyceremonial正式的limitedbytheconstitutionSheisrepresentedinCanadabytheGovernorGeneralSheisrepresentedineachprovincebyalieutenantGovernor副州长OverlapofpowerInCanadathereisanoverlapofpowerbetweenthelegislativeandexecutivebranchesofgovernmentExecutiveLegislativePrimeMinisterSenateCabinetHouseofCommonsTheprimeministerandmostmembersofthecabinetareelectedmembersofthehouseofcommonsResponsiblegovernmentThegovernmentisformedbythepoliticalpartythatwinsthemostseatsinanelectionTheleaderofthatpartybecomestheprimeministerThecabinetisselectedfromtheelectedmembersofthatpartybytheprimeministerThegovernme